La rapidez en la toma de decisiones como elemento clave para el rendimiento de los futbolistas profesionales y de cantera (Speed of decision-making as a key element for professional and academy soccer players’ performances)

Autores/as

  • Israel Teoldo Universidade Federal de Viçosa
  • Eliakim Mezzadri Universidade Federal de Viçosa
  • Felippe Cardoso Universidade Federal de Viçosa
  • Guilherme Machado Universidade Federal de Viçosa and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100355

Palabras clave:

fútbol, lectura del juego, habilidades perceptivo-cognitivas, habilidades perceptivo-motoras, tiempo de respuesta, desarrollo del talento

Resumen

El objetivo de este estudio fue: i) comparar el número de decisiones tomadas en partidos oficiales entre jugadores de la cantera y profesionales y ii) comparar la calidad y velocidad de la toma de decisiones entre jugadores de la cantera y profesionales. En el experimento 1 evaluamos 12 partidos de fútbol (7 profesionales y 5 de la cantera) a través del análisis notacional. En el experimento 2 evaluamos a 138 jugadores de fútbol de nivel profesional (n = 42) y de de la cantera (n = 96). Se utilizó el TacticUP® para evaluar las habilidades de lectura del juego y de toma de decisiones. Los resultados indicaron que los jugadores profesionales toman alrededor de un 56% más decisiones que los jugadores de la cantera en partidos oficiales de sus respectivos torneos. Además, los jugadores profesionales son más rápidos en la toma de decisiones en todas las situaciones del partido: con balón (fase ofensiva), sin balón (fases ofensiva y defensiva), cerca y lejos del balón. A partir de los resultados, comprobamos que tanto en situaciones in situ (partido oficial) como in vitro (prueba controlada) la rapidez en la toma de decisiones fue un rasgo distintivo del rendimiento entre jugadores profesionales y de cantera.

Palabras clave: fútbol; lectura del juego; habilidades perceptivo-cognitivas; habilidades perceptivo-motoras; tiempo de respuesta; desarrollo del talento.

Abstract. This study aimed to: i) compare the number of decisions made in official matches between youth academy and professional soccer players and ii) compare the quality and speed of decision-making between youth academy and professional players. In experiment 1 we assessed 12 soccer matches (7 professional and 5 academy matches) through notational analysis. In experiment 2 we assessed 138 soccer players from professional (n = 42) and academy (n = 96) levels. The TacticUP® was used to assess game reading and decision-making skills. Results indicated that professional players make around 56% more decisions than youth academy players in official matches of their respective tournaments. In addition, professional players are quicker in making decisions for all match situations: with the ball (offensive phase), without the ball (offensive and defensive phases), near and distant from the ball. Based on the results, we verified that both in situ (official match) and in vitro (controlled test) situations the speed of decision-making was a distinguishing feature of performance between professional and youth academy players.

Keywords: football; game reading; perceptual-cognitive skills; perceptual-motor skills; response time; talent development.

Citas

Altmann, S., Neumann, R., Härtel, S., Kurz, G., Stein, T., & Woll, A. (2021). Agility testing in amateur soccer: A pilot study of selected physical and perceptual-cognitive contributions. PLoS ONE, 16(6 June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253819

Andrade, M., González-Víllora, S., Casanova, F., & Teoldo, I. (2020). The attention as a key element to improve tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 29(2), 47–55.

Assis, J., Costa, V., Casanova, F., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Visual search strategy and anticipation in tactical be-havior of young soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football, 5(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1823462

Assis, J., González-Víllora, S., Clemente, F., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Do youth soccer players with different tactical behaviour also perform differently in decision-making and visual search strategies? International Journal of Perfor-mance Analysis in Sport, 20(6), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1838784

Barcellos, A., Teoldo, I., & Machado, G. (2022). The influence of 25 training sessions on the decision-making skill of U-12 soccer players. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 38, e38211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38211.en

Belling, P. K., Suss, J., & Ward, P. (2015). Advancing theory and application of cognitive research in sport: Using repre-sentative tasks to explain and predict skilled anticipation, decision-making, and option-generation behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16(P1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.001

Bruce, L., Farrow, D., Raynor, A., & Mann, D. (2012). But I can’t pass that far! The influence of motor skill on decision making. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.005

Buekers, M., Borry, P., & Rowe, P. (2015). Talent in sports. Some reflections about the search for future champions. Movement and Sports Sciences - Science et Motricite, 12(88), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2014002

Canton, A., Torrents, C., Ric, A., & Hristovski, R. (2022). Desarrollo y evaluación de la creatividad motriz en el fútbol: estado de la cuestión. Retos, 13(1), 93–103.Cardoso, F., García-Calvo, T., Patrick, T., Afonso, J., & Teoldo, I. (2021). How Does Cognitive Effort Influence the Tactical Behavior of Soccer Players? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(2), 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512521991405

Cardoso, F., Neves, J., Roca, A., & Teoldo, I. (2020). The association between perceptual-cognitive processes and response time in decision-making in young soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(8), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1851901

Casanova, F., Esteves, P. T., Padilha, M. B., Ribeiro, J., Williams, A. M., & and Garganta, J. (2022). The Effects of Physi-ological Demands on Visual Search Behaviours During 2 vs. 1 + GK Game Situations in Football: An in-situ Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13: 885765. https://doi.org/doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885765.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. Psychology Press.

Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.

Fortes, L. S., De Lima-Junior, D., Fiorese, L., Nascimento-Júnior, J. R. A., Mortatti, A. L., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2020). The effect of smartphones and playing video games on decision-making in soccer players: A crossover and randomised study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(5), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1715181

Fritz, C., Morris, P., & Richler, J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024338

García-Calvo, T., Pulido, J. J., Ponce-Bordón, J. C., López-Gajardo, M. Á., Costa, I. T., & Díaz-García, J. (2021). Can rules in technical-tactical decisions influence on physical and mental load during soccer training? A pilot study. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084313

Garganta, J. (1997). Modelação táctica do jogo de futebol - estudo da organização da fase ofensiva em equipas de alto ren-dimento [Universidade do Porto]. In Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física.

Gonçalves, E., Noce, F., Barbosa, M. A. M., Figueiredo, A. J., Hackfort, D., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Correlation of the pe-ripheral perception with the maturation and the effect of the peripheral perception on the tactical behaviour of soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1329222

Gonçalves, E., Noce, F., Barbosa, M. A. M., Figueiredo, A. J., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Maturation, signal detection, and tacti-cal behavior of young soccer players in the game context. Science and Medicine in Football, 5(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1851043

Gonzaga, A. S., Albuquerque, M. R., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Greco, P. J., & Teoldo, I. (2014). Affective decision-making and tactical behavior of under-15 soccer players. Plos One, 9(6), e101231. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101231

González-Víllora, S., Serra-Olivares, J., Pastor-Vicedo, J., & Teoldo, I. (2015). Review of the tactical evaluation tools for youth players, assessing the tactics in team sports: football. Springerplus, 4(663), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1462-0

Hogarth, L. W., Burkett, B. J., & McKean, M. R. (2015). Neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue responses to consecutive tag football matches. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(5), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0355

Kunrath, C. A., Nakamura, F. Y., Roca, A., Tessitore, A., & Teoldo, I. (2020). How does mental fatigue affect soccer performance during small-sided games? A cognitive, tactical and physical approach. Journal of Sport Science, 38(15), 1818–1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1756681

Machado, G., Cardoso, F., & Teoldo, I. (2017). Visual search strategy of soccer players according to different age groups. Motriz, 23(3), e101748. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201700030022

Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., Sarmento, H., & Teoldo, I. (2020). Development of tactical decision-making skills in youth soccer players: Macro- and microstructure of soccer developmental activities as a discriminant of different skill levels. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(6), 1072–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368

Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2022). Contribution of deliberate practice, play, and futsal to the acquisition of decision-making skills in Brazilian professional female soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2161101

Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2023a). Selected soccer players are quicker and better decision-makers in elite Brazilian youth academies. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 23(2), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2023.2181609

Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. (2023b). The relationship between deliberate practice, play, and futsal in childhood and adolescence and the development of different decision-making skills in professional female soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102470

Machado, G., & Teoldo, I. (2020). TacticUP Video Test for soccer: Development and validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1690), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01690

Macmahon, C., & Mcpherson, S. U. E. L. (2009). Knowledge base as a mechanism for perceptual- cognitive tasks: Skill is in the details! International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40(4), 565–579. Williams, A. M., Ford, P. R., & Drust, B. (2020). Talent identification and development in soccer since the millennium. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02640414.2020.1766647

Mann, D. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457

Moniz, F., Clemente, F. M., Praca, G. M., & Costa, I. T. (2021). Effect of outside floaters on soccer players tactical behaviour in small-sided conditioned games. Retos, 42, 767–773. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.86346

Roca, A., & Ford, P. R. (2020). Decision-making practice during coaching sessions in elite youth football across European countries. Science and Medicine in Football, 4(4), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1755051

Roca, A., Ford, P. R., McRobert, A. P., & Williams, A. M. (2011). Identifying the processes underpinning anticipation and decision-making in a dynamic time-constrained task. Cognitive Processing, 12, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0392-1

Roca, A., Ford, P. R., & Memmert, D. (2020). Perceptual-cognitive processes underlying creative expert performance in soccer. Psychological Research, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01320-5

Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2012). Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision-making in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.701761

Silva, A. F., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Sarmento, H., Afonso, J., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Effects of training programs on decision-making in youth team sports players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(May), 663867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663867

Serra-Olivares, J., Prieto-Ayuso, A., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., & González-Víllora, S. (2020). Propuesta de evaluación multidisciplinar del talento de jóvenes futbolistas. Retos, 38, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.73118Silva, D., Lopes, M., González-Víllora, S., Sarmento, H., & Teoldo, I. (2021). Tactical behaviour differences of high and low-performing youth soccer players in small-sided and conditioned games. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 21(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1843214

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Harper e Row.

Teoldo, I., Guilherme, J., & Garganta, J. (2022). Football Intelligence: Training and Tactics for Soccer Success. Routledge.

Thomas, K. T., & Thomas, J. R. (1994). Developing expertise in sport: The relation of knowledge and performance. Inter-national Journal of Sport Psychology, 25(3), 295–312. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232444616

Thompson, C. J., Smith, A., Coutts, A. J., Skorski, S., Datson, N., Smith, M. R., & Meyer, T. (2021). Understanding the Presence of Mental Fatigue in Elite Female Football. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1873224

Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., Mazyn, L., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). The effects of task constraints on visual search behavior and decision-making skill in youth soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.2.147

Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). Mechanisms underpinning successful decision-making in skilled youth soccer players: An analysis of visual search behaviors. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(5), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.395-408

Vänttinen, T., Blomqvist, M., & Häkkinen, K. (2010). Development of body composition, hormone profile, physical fit-ness, general perceptual motor skills, soccer skills and on-the-ball performance in soccerspecific laboratory test among adolescent soccer players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(4), 547–556.

Vickers, J. N. (2016). The Quiet Eye : Reply to sixteen commentaries. Current Issues in Sport Science, 1(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/DOI 10.15203/CISS

Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2017). The role of mental processes in elite sports performance. Oxford Research Encyclo-pedia of Psychology, 1, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.161

Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93

Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2007). Anticipation and Decision-making in Sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 203–223). John Wiley & Sons.

Williams, A. Mark, Ford, P. R., & Drust, B. (2020). Talent identification and development in soccer since the millennium. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11–12), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1766647

Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2021). Anticipation and decision-making in sport exploring new horizons. Visual Perception and Action in Sport, 113–160. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203979952-10

Descargas

Publicado

2023-09-15

Cómo citar

Teoldo, I., Mezzadri, E., Cardoso, F., & Machado, G. (2023). La rapidez en la toma de decisiones como elemento clave para el rendimiento de los futbolistas profesionales y de cantera (Speed of decision-making as a key element for professional and academy soccer players’ performances). Retos, 50, 1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100355

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: trabajos de investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas