How to evaluate soccer coaches’ communication?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.95568

Keywords:

Physical Education and Training, Football, Communication

Abstract

This theoretical review aims to describe the instruments in the scientific literature to evaluate soccer coaches' communication. Soccer coaches' communication directly influences players' behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how soccer coaches communicate during training sessions and competitions. The systematic observation method has been used to identify and categorize each piece of information emitted by the coach in their practice. Several systematic observation instruments have been presented in literature over the years. There has been an evolution of tools over time and with technological advances, allowing a more detailed assessment of soccer coaches’ communication. Thus, to choose a systematic observation instrument, it is important to consider its particular characteristics, the needs of the context, and the real possibilities of application.

Keywords: Physical Education and Training. Football. Communication.

References

Argilaga, M. T., & Mendo, A. (2014). Metodología observacional y psicología del deporte: Estado de la cuestión. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte, 23(1), 103-109.

Batista, J., Goncalves, B., Sampaio, J., Castro, J., Abade, E., & Travassos, B. (2019). The influence of coaches’ instruction on technical actions, tactical behaviour, and external workload in football small-sided games. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.190305

Bettega, O., Machado, J. C., Pasquarelli, B., Aquino, R., & Scaglia, A. (2021). Pedagogia do esporte: Bases epistemológicas e articulações para o ensino esportivo. Revista Inclusiones, 8(Esp.), 185-213.

Bettega, O., Parente, M., Lima, L., Santos, Y. d., Rodrigues, A., & Galatti, L. (2017). Liderança, treinador e futebol: Descrição de publicações em periódicos brasileiros. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto, 17(s1), 290-297. https://doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.17.S1A.290

Brandes, M., & Elvers, S. (2017). Elite youth soccer players' physiological responses, time-motion characteristics, and game performance in 4 vs. 4 small-sided games: The influence of coach feedback. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2652-2658. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001717

Brewer, C., & Jones, R. (2002). A five-stage process for establishing contextually valid systematic observation instruments: The case of rugby union. The Sport Psychologist, 16(2), 138-159. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.16.2.138

Comitê Olímpico do Brasil (COB). (2022). Modelo de Desenvolvimento Esportivo.

Cope, E., Partington, M., & Harvey, S. (2017). A review of the use of a systematic observation method in coaching research between 1997 and 2016. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(20), 2042-2050. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1252463

Cope, E., Cushion, C., Harvey, S., & Partington, M. (2021). Investigating the impact of a Freirean informed coach education programme. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 26(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1800619

Cope, E., Cushion, C. J., Harvey, S., & Partington, M. (2022). Re-visiting systematic observation: A pedagogical tool to support coach learning and development. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.962690

Cushion, C., Ford, P., & Williams, M. (2012). Coach behaviours and practice structures in youth soccer: Implications for talent development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1631-1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.721930

Cushion, C., Harvey, S., Muir, B., & Nelson, L. (2012). Developing the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (CAIS): Establishing validity and reliability of a computerised systematic observation instrument. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.635310

Cushion, C., & Jones, R. (2001). A systematic observation of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(4), 354-376.

Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892

Erickson, K., & Côté, J. (2015). The intervention tone of coaches' behaviour: Development of the Assessment of Coaching Tone (ACT) observational coding system. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(4), 699-716. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.4.699

Ford, P., Yates, I., & Williams, M. (2010). An analysis of practice activities and instructional behaviours used by youth soccer coaches during practice: Exploring the link between science and application. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903582750

Galatti, L., Bettega, O., Brasil, V., Sobrinho, A., Bertram, R., Tozetto, A., . . . Milistetd, M. (2016). Coaching in Brazil sport coaching as a profession in Brazil: An analysis of the coaching literature in Brazil from 2000-2015. International Sport Coaching Journal, 3(3), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2015-0071

Gallimore, R., & Tharp, R. (2004). What a coach can teach a teacher, 1975-2004: Reflections and reanalysis of John Wooden’s teaching practices. The Sport Psychologist, 18(2), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.2.119

García, J., Pulido, J., Bordón, J., Prado, C., Gajardo, M., & Calvo, T. (2021). Coach encouragement during soccer practices can influence players’ mental and physical loads. Journal of Human Kinetics, 79(1), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0079

Gilbert, W., Trudel, P., Gaumond, S., & Larocque, L. (1999). Development and application of an instrument to analyse pedagogical content interventions of ice hockey coaches. SOSOL: Sociology of Sport Online, 2(2).

ICCE. (2013). International sport coaching framework. In: Human Kinetics Champaign, IL.

Kahan, D. (1999). Coaching behavior: A review of the systematic observation research literature. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 17-58.

Lacy, A., & Darst, P. (1984). Evolution of a systematic observation system: The ASU coaching observation instrument. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 3(3), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.3.3.59

Lombardo, B., Faraone, N., & Pother, D. (1989). The Lombardo Coaching Behaviour Analysis System (LOCOBAS). Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction, 353-359.

Lombardo, B., Faraone, N., & Pothier, D. (1982). The behavior of youth sport coaches: A preliminary analysis. Studying the Teaching in Physical Education, 189-196.

Lombardo, B., Faraone, N., & Pothier, D. (1983). The coach in action: A descriptive analysis. The American Alliance for Health.

Marques, M., Nonohay, R., Koller, S., Gauer, G., & Cruz, J. (2015). El estilo de comunicación del entrenador y la percepción del clima motivacional generado por los entrenadores y compañeros. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 15(2), 47-54.

Mesquita, I., Farias, C., Oliveira, G., & Pereira, F. (2009). A intervenção pedagógica sobre o conteúdo do treinador de futebol. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 23(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092009000100003

O'Connor, D., Larkin, P., & Williams, M. (2018). Observations of youth football training: How do coaches structure training sessions for player development? Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1277034

O’Connor, D., Larkin, P., & Williams, M. (2017). What learning environments help improve decision-making? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(6), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1294678

Partington, M., & Cushion, C. (2012). Performance during performance: Using Goffman to understand the behaviours of elite youth football coaches during games. Sports Coaching Review, 1(2), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2013.790167

Partington, M., & Cushion, C. (2013). An investigation of the practice activities and coaching behaviors of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(3), 374-382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01383.x

Partington, M., Cushion, C., & Harvey, S. (2014). An investigation of the effect of athletes' age on the coaching behaviours of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(5), 403-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.835063

Partington, M., Cushion, C., Cope, E., & Harvey, S. (2015). The impact of video feedback on professional youth football coaches’ reflection and practice behaviour: A longitudinal investigation of behaviour change. Reflective practice, 16(5), 700-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2015.1071707

Pina, R., & Rodrigues, J. (1998). Análise da instrução do treinador em competição. Estudo das tomadas de decisão em Voleibol [dissertação]. Lisboa: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana-UTL.

Potrac, P., Brewer, C., Jones, R., Armour, K., & Hoff, J. (2000). Toward an holistic understanding of the coaching process. Quest, 52(2), 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2000.10491709

Potrac, P., Jones, R., & Armour, K. (2002). It's all about getting respect': The coaching behaviors of an expert English soccer coach. Sport, education and society, 7(2), 183-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869

Potrac, P., Jones, R., & Cushion, C. (2007). Understanding power and the coach’s role in professional English soccer: A preliminary investigation of coach behaviour. Soccer & Society, 8(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600989509

Rampinini, E., Impellizzeri, F., Castagna, C., Abt, G., Chamari, K., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. (2007). Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 659-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600811858

Santos, A., & Rodrigues, J. (2008). Análise da instrução do treinador de futebol: Comparação entre a preleção de preparação e a competição. Fitness & Performance Journal, 7(2), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.3900/fpj.7.2.112.p

Santos, F., Lopes, H., & Rodrigues, J. (2016). Relação entre a perceção dos treinadores de jovens futebolistas e o comportamento de instrução e dos atletas em competição. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 11(1), 59-68.

Santos, F., Louro, H., Espada, M., Figueiredo, T., Lopes, H., & Rodrigues, J. (2019). Relation of coaches’ expectations with instruction and behavior of athletes. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 19(3), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.369801

Santos, F., Sarmento, H., Louro, H., Lopes, H., & Rodrigues, J. (2014). Deteção de T-patterns em treinadores de futebol em competição. Motricidade, 10(4), 64-83. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10(4).3196

Santos, F., Sequeira, P., Lopes, H., & Rodrigues, J. (2014). O comportamento de instrução dos treinadores de jovens de futebol em competição. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 9(2), 451-470.

Santos, F., Sequeira, P., & Rodrigues, J. (2012). A comunicação dos treinadores de futebol de equipes infanto-juvenis amadores e profissionais durante a competição. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 18(2), 262-672. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742012000200006

Silva, L. F., Prado, H., & Scaglia, A. (2018). Competências requeridas ao treinador de futebol: um olhar a partir dos jogadores de futebol. Corpoconsciência, 22(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2017-77991

Sinclair, G. (1989). Feedback analysis profile (FAP). Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction, 361-368.

Smith, M., & Cushion, C. (2006). An investigation of the in-game behaviours of professional, top-level youth soccer coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(4), 355-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500131944

Smith, R., Smoll, F., & Hunt, E. (1977). A system for the behavioral assessment of athletic coaches. Research Quarterly, 48(2), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1977.10615438

Stonebridge, I., & Cushion, C. (2018). An exploration of the relationship between educational background and the coaching behaviours and practice activities of professional youth soccer coaches. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 636-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1485143

Teques, P., Duarte, D., & Viana, J. (2019). Coaches’ emotional intelligence and reactive behaviors in soccer matches: Mediating effects of coach efficacy beliefs. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1629), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01629

Tharp, R., & Gallimore, R. (1976). What a coach can teach a teacher. Psychology Today, 9(8), 75-78.

Williams, M., & Hodges, N. (2005). Practice, instruction and skill acquisition in soccer: Challenging tradition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021328

Wilson, S., Buzzell, N., & Jensen, M. (1975). Observational research: A practical tool. Physical Educator, 32(2), 90-93.

Published

2023-01-02

How to Cite

Deborah, D. T. G., Larissa, L. R. G., & Fabrício, F. V. do A. V. (2023). How to evaluate soccer coaches’ communication?. Retos, 47, 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v47.95568

Issue

Section

Theoretical systematic reviews and/or meta-analysis