Capacidades físicas y su relación con la memoria, cálculo matemático, razonamiento lingüístico y creatividad en adolescentes (Physical capacities and their relation with memory, mathematical calculation, linguistic reasoning, and creativity in adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.71089Keywords:
capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, Educación física, rendimiento cognitivo, pensamiento divergente (Cardiorespiratory fitness, Physical Education, cognitive performance, divergent thinking)Abstract
El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la asociación del nivel de condición física con variables de rendimiento cognitivo como memoria, cálculo matemático, velocidad de razonamiento lingüístico y creatividad. La muestra estaba formada por 163 adolescentes (78 chicas y 85 chicos) de 13,9 ±1,4 años. La memoria se evaluó mediante una adaptación propia basada en la prueba RIAS. Para el cálculo matemático y el razonamiento lingüístico se usaron tests ad hoc y para la creatividad el test CREA. Los análisis mostraron que la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de los jóvenes se asocia a mejores niveles de memoria (p = ,027), cálculo matemático (p = ,035), razonamiento lingüístico (p = ,014) y creatividad (p = ,005), independientemente de la edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal de los jóvenes. Sin embargo, mejores niveles de velocidad-agilidad, fuerza y flexibilidad no se relacionaron con mejoras en ninguna de las variables dependientes analizadas (todos p > ,05). Se concluye que la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria es el componente de la condición física que en mayor medida se relaciona con altas capacidades cognitivas de los jóvenes. Se sugiere, que desde la Educación Física se implementen programas específicos para incrementar el nivel de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, con prácticas sistemáticas especialmente durante el periodo extraescolar.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the level of physical fitness with variables of cognitive performance such as memory, mathematical calculation, speed of linguistic reasoning, and creativity. The sample consisted of 163 adolescents (78 girls and 85 boys) aged 13.9 ± 1.4 years old. Memory was evaluated through an own adaptation based on the RIAS test. Ad hoc tests were used for mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning, and the CREA test for creativity. The analyses showed that youth’s cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better levels of memory (p = ,027), mathematical calculation (p = ,035), linguistic reasoning (p = ,014), and creativity (p =,005) regardless of age, sex, and body mass index. However, better levels of speed-agility, strength, and flexibility were not related with improvements in any of the dependent variables analyzed (all p > ,05). Cardiorespiratory fitness is the physical fitness component with the highest relation with cognitive abilities in youngsters. We suggest the implementation of specific programs aimed at increasing cardiorespiratory fitness levels through Physical Education, especially employing systematic physical activity practices during the extracurricular period.
References
Aberg, M. A. I., Pedersen, N. L., Torén, K., Svartengren, M., Bäckstrand, B., Johnsson, T., … Kuhn, H. G. (2009). Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(49), 20906–11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905307106
Ardoy, D. N., Fernández-Rodríguez, J. M., Jiménez-Pavón, D., Castillo, R., Ruiz, J. R., & Ortega, F. B. (2014). A physical education trial improves adolescents’ cognitive performance and academic achievement: the EDUFIT study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(1), e52–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12093
Bass, R. W., Brown, D. D., Laurson, K. R., & Coleman, M. M. (2013). Physical fitness and academic performance in middle school students. Acta Paediatrica, 102(8), 832–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12278
Bezold, C. P., Konty, K. J., Day, S. E., Berger, M., Harr, L., Larkin, M., … Stark, J. H. (2014). The effects of changes in physical fitness on academic performance among New York City youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(6), 774–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.006
Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietraßyk-Kendziorra, S., Ribeiro, P., & Tidow, G. (2008). Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neuroscience Letters, 441(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.024
Castro-Piñero, J., Artero, E. G., España-Romero, V., Ortega, F. B., Sjöström, M., Suni, J.,… Ruiz, J. R. (2010). Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(13), 934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058321
Castro-Piñero, J., Chillón, P., Ortega, F. B., Montesinos, J. L., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2009). Criterion-Related Validity of Sit-and-Reach and Modified Sit-and-Reach Test for Estimating Hamstring Flexibility in Children and Adolescents Aged 6–17 Years. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(09), 658–662. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224175
Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Holtrop, J. L., Voss, M. W., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., … Kramer, A. F. (2014). Aerobic fitness is associated with greater white matter integrity in children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00584
Chen, L. J., Fox, K. R., Ku, P. W., &Taun, C. Y. (2013). Fitness change and subsequent academic performance in adolescents. The Journal of School Health, 83(9), 631–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12075
Corbalán-Berná, J., &Limiñana-Gras, R. M. (2010).El genio en una botella. El test CREA, las preguntas y la creatividad. Introducción al monográfico “El test CREA, inteligencia creativa. Anales de psicología, 26(2), 197-205. https://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/108981
Duran, C., & Costes, A. (2018). Efecto de los juegos motores sobre la toma de conciencia emocional. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 18(70), 227-245.
Esteban-Cornejo, I., Tejero-González, C. M., Martinez-Gomez, D., Del-Campo, J., González-Galo, A., Padilla-Moledo, C., …Veiga, O. L. (2014). Independent and combined influence of the components of physical fitness on academic performance in youth.TheJournal of Pediatrics, 165(2), 306–312.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.04.044
Eurofit (1993). Eurofit Tests of Physical Fitness (2ª ed.). Strasbourg: Committee of Experts on Sports Research.
Haapala, E. (2013). Cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills in relation to cognition and academic performance in children - a review.Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(3), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0006
Heilman, K. M. (2016) Possible brain mechanisms of creativity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31(4), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw009
Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Castelli, D. M., Hall, E. E., & Kramer, A. F. (2009).The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience, 159(3), 1044-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.057
Hogan, M., Kiefer, M., Kubesch, S., Collins, P., Kilmartin, L., & Brosnan, M. (2013). The interactive effects of physical fitness and acute aerobic exercise on electrophysiological coherence and cognitive performance in adolescents. Experimental Brain Research, 229(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3595-0
Huang, T., Tarp, J., Domazet, S. L., Thorsen, A. K., Froberg, K., Andersen, L. B., & Bugge, A. (2015). Associations of Adiposity and Aerobic Fitness with Executive Function and Math Performance in Danish Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 167(4), 810–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.009
Kantomaa, M. T., Stamatakis, E., Kankaanpää, A., Kaakinen, M., Rodriguez, A., Taanila, A., … Tammelin, T. (2013). Physical activity and obesity mediate the association between childhood motor function and adolescents’ academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(5), 1917–22. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214574110
Kujala, U. M. (2018). Is physical activity a cause of longevity? It is not as straightforward as some would believe. A critical analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(14), 914-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098639
Lervåg, A., &Aukrust, V. G. (2010). Vocabulary knowledge is a critical determinant of the difference in reading comprehension growth between first and second language learners. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(5), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02185.x
Martínez-López, E. J., Moreno-Cerceda, J., Suárez-Manzano, S., & Ruiz-Ariza, A. (2018). Effect of and satisfaction with a program of physical activity controlled through heart rate monitors on body mass index in young students with overweight-obesity. Retos, 33, 179-184.
Martínez-López, E.J., Grao-Cruces, A., De la Torre-Cruz, M.J., & Ruiz-Ariza, A. (2019). Associations of physical fitness with academic performance in teenagers. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 40(1).
Moore, R. D., Drollette, E. S., Scudder, M. R., Bharij, A., & Hillman, C. H. (2014).The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on strategic, behavioral, and electrophysiological indices of arithmetic cognition in preadolescent children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(MAY), 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00258
Morales, J., González, L. M., Guerra, M., Virgili, C., & Unnithan, V. (2011). Physical activity, perceptual-motor performance, and academic learning in 9-to-16-years-old school children. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(4), 401–415. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272157048
Muntaner-Mas, A., Palou, P., Vidal-Conti, J., & Esteban-Cornejo, I. (2018). A Mediation Analysis on the Relationship of Physical Fitness Components, Obesity, and Academic Performance in Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 198, 90-97.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.068
Niederer, I., Kriemler, S., Gut, J., Hartmann, T., Schindler, C., Barral, J., &Puder, J. J. (2011). Relationship of aerobic fitness and motor skills with memory and attention in preschoolers (Ballabeina): A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMC Pediatrics, 11(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-11-34
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 32(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Ortega, F. B., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2012).Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 345, e7279. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7279
Planinsec, J., & Pisot, R. (2006). Motor coordination and intelligence level in adolescents. Adolescence, 41(164), 667–76.
Raine, L. B., Biggan, J. R., Baym, C. L., Saliba, B. J., Cohen, N. J., & Hillman, C. H. (2018). Adolescent changes in aerobic fitness are related to changes in academic achievement. Pediatric Exercise Science, 30(1), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0225
Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Pinero, J., España-Romero, V., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Cuenca, M. M.,… Castillo, M. J. (2011). Field-based fitness assessment in young people: the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for children and adolescents. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(6), 518–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.075341
Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Castillo, R., Martín-Matillas, M., Kwak, L., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., … Moreno, L. A. (2010). Physical activity, fitness, weight status, and cognitive performance in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 157(6), 917-922.e1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.026
Ruiz-Ariza, A., Casuso, R. A., Suarez-Manzano, S., & Martínez-López, E. J. (2018). Effect of augmented reality game Pokémon GO on cognitive performance and emotional intelligence in adolescent young. Computers and Education, 116, 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.002
Ruiz-Ariza, A., de la Torre-Cruz, M. J., Suárez-Manzano, S., & Martínez-López, E. J. (2017a). Active commuting to school influences on academic performance of Spanish adolescent girls. Retos, 32, 39–43.
Ruiz-Ariza, A., Grao-Cruces, A., Marques De Loureiro, N. E., & Martínez-López, E. J. (2017b). Influence of physical fitness on cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review from 2005–2015. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1). http://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1184699
Ruiz-Ariza, A., Suárez-Manzano, S., López-Serrano, S., & Martínez-López, E. J. (2019). The effect of cooperative high-intensity interval training on creativity and emotional intelligence in secondary school. European Physical Education Review, 25(2), 355-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17739271
Santamaría-Fernández, P., & Fernández-Pinto, I. (2013). Adaptación española de RIAS. Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Santana, C. C. A., Azevedo, L. B., Cattuzzo, M. T., Hill, J. O., Andrade, L. P., & Prado, W. L. (2017). Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(6), 579–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12773
Santos, S. D. L., Memmert, D., Sampaio, J., &Leite, N. (2016). The spawns of creative behavior in team sports: A creativity developmental framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1282. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01282
Scudder, M. R., Federmeier, K. D., Raine, L. B., Direito, A., Boyd, J. K., & Hillman, C. H. (2014). The association between aerobic fitness and language processing in children: implications for academic achievement. Brain and Cognition, 87, 140–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.03.016
Sleiman, S. F., Henry, J., Al-Haddad, R., El Hayek, L., AbouHaidar, E., Stringer, T.,… Chao, M. V. (2016). Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. ELife, 5, e15092. http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15092
Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., &Pesce, C. (2015). Exercise and children’s cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003
Torrance, P. E. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking. New Jersey: Personnel Press.
Torrijos-Niño, C., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Pardo-Guijarro, M. J., García-Prieto, J. C., Arias-Palencia, N. M., & Sánchez-López, M. (2014). Physical fitness, obesity, and academic achievement in school children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 165(1), 104–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.041
Travlos, A. K. (2010). High intensity physical education classes and cognitive performance in eighth‐grade students: An applied study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(3), 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671955
Van Dusen, D. P., Kelder, S. H., Kohl, H. W., Ranjit, N., & Perry, C. L. (2011). Associations of physical fitness and academic performance among schoolchildren. Journal of School Health, 81(12), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00652.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
