The relationship between sport event experience and psychological well-being: the case of a “Sailing Marathon”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105983Keywords:
sport services, leisure activities, sport experience, sailing marathon, well-beingAbstract
The special nature of recreational sport services, orientates the contemporary research interest to the holistic nature of sports event experience, emphasizing their relationships with psychosocial factors contributing to participants' well-being. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to analyze the dimensions of sport event experience in the context of a sailing marathon event and (2) to investigate the contribution of the sport event experience factors to participants’ psychological well-being. The study was conducted in Greece, where the participants of the event filled out the PERMA Profiler Questionnaire (Pezirkianidis, Stalikas, Lakioti & Yotsidi, 2019) and a multidimensional Sport Event Experience scale, designed especially for the study purpose. The results provided support for the holistic and multilevel nature of sport event experience construct in the case of a recreational sailing event, as it was theoretically defined. The regression analysis showed that participants' psychological well-being was significantly predicted by the event sport experience, where the dimensions of social environment, brand, and services environment of the event had the most significant contributions. These results show the value of sport events with a recreational nature in contributing to the development of individual well-being. The PERMA model is an acceptable one for measuring perceived well-being. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Keywords: sports services, leisure activities, sports experience, sailing marathon, well-being
References
Agyar, E. (2013). Life satisfaction, perceived freedom in leisure and self-esteem: The case of physical education and sport students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 2186-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.185
Alexandris, K., Zahariadis, P., Tsorbatzoudis, C., & Grouios, G. (2004). An empirical investigation of the relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction and psychological commitment in a health club context. European sport management quarterly, 4(1), 36-52. doi: 10.1080/16184740408737466
Andre, E. K., Williams, N., Schwartz, F., & Bullard, C. (2017). Benefits of campus outdoor recreation programs: A review of the literature. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 9(1), 15-25. doi: 10.18666/JOREL-2017-V9-I1-7491
Armbrecht, J., & Andersson, T. D. (2020). The event experience, hedonic and eudaimonic satisfaction and subjective well-being among sport event participants. Journal of policy research in tourism, leisure and events, 12(3), 457-477. doi: 10.1080/19407963.2019.1695346
Baker, M. A., & Kim, K. (2018). The role of language, appearance, and smile on perceptions of authenticity versus rap-port. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74, 171-179. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.011
Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D., & Voss, G. B. (2002). The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intentions. Journal of marketing, 66(2), 120-141. doi: 10.1509/jmkg.66.2.120.18470
Bertella, G. (2014). The co-creation of animal-based tourism experience. Tourism Recreation Research, 39(1), 115-125. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2014.11081330
Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities con-tribute to subjective well-being?. Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81-91. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9724-2
Brown, S. J. (1989). The number of factors in security returns. the Journal of Finance, 44(5), 1247-1262. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb02652.x
Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. doi: 10.4324/9781315088426
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3). doi: 10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
Byon, K. K., Zhang, J. J., & Baker, T. A. (2013). Impact of core and peripheral service quality on consumption behavior of professional team sport spectators as mediated by perceived value. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(2), 232-263. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2013.767278
Car, B., Kurtoglu, A., Yermakhanov, B., Konar, N., & Uzgur, K. (2024). Commitment to Sport Changes Psychological Needs: A Study on Individuals Who Regularly Engage in Fitness. Retos, 55, 659–664. doi: 10.47197/retos.v55.102714
Chandoevwit, W., & Thampanishvong, K. (2016). Valuing social relationships and improved health condition among the Thai population. Journal of happiness studies, 17(5), 2167-2189. doi: 10.1007/s10902-015-9690-0
Chen, K., Chang, F., & Liu, F. (2015). Wellness Tourism among Seniors in Taiwan: Previous Experience, Service Encounter Expec-tations, Organizational Characteristics, Employee Characteristics, and Customer Satisfaction. 10576–10601. doi.org/10.3390/su70810576. doi: 10.3390/su70810576
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624-645. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). The promise of positive psychology. Psihologijske teme, 18(2), 203-211. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43170663_The_Promise_of_Positive_Psychology
De Keyser, A., Schepers, J., & Konuş, U. (2015). Multichannel customer segmentation: Does the after-sales channel matter? A replication and extension. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 32(4), 453-456. doi: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.09.005
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psycho-logical bulletin, 125(2), 276. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Eigenschenk, B., Thomann, A., McClure, M., Davies, L., Gregory, M., Dettweiler, U., & Inglés, E. (2019). Benefits of outdoor sports for society. A systematic literature review and reflections on evidence. International journal of environ-mental research and public health, 16(6), 937. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060937
Faircloth, A. L. (2017). Resilience as a mediator of the relationship between negative life events and psychological well-being.
Filo, K., & Coghlan, A. (2016). Exploring the positive psychology domains of well-being activated through charity sport event experiences. Event Management, 20(2), 181-199. doi: 10.3727/152599516X14610017108701
Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions: The emerging science of positive psychology is coming to understand why it's good to feel good. American scientist, 91(4), 330-335. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27858244
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emo-tions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(5), 1045. doi: 10.1037/a0013262
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psycho-logical science, 13(2), 172-175. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00431
Funk, D., Jordan, J., Ridinger, L., & Kaplanidou, K. (2011). Capacity of mass participant sport events for the develop-ment of activity commitment and future exercise intention. Leisure Sciences, 33(3), 250-268. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2011.564926
Gallarza, M. G., & Saura, I. G. (2006). Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: an investigation of university students’ travel behaviour. Tourism management, 27(3), 437-452. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.002
Gentile, C., Spiller, N., & Noci, G. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience:: An overview of experience com-ponents that co-create value with the customer. European management journal, 25(5), 395-410. doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2007.08.005
Green, B. C., & Jones, I. (2005). Serious leisure, social identity and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 164-181. doi: 10.1080/174304305001102010
Hurtado Barroso, M., Gónzalez Melero, E., Párraga Montilla, J. A., & Latorre Román, P. Ángel. (2024). Teacher train-ing in outdoor and adventure education in Physical Education in Spain: An analysis of university curriculum plans. Retos, 56, 681–689. doi: 10.47197/retos.v56.102899
In-Sil, P., Ji-Young, K., Soon-Jeong, C., & Hyun-Jung, P. (2015). The relationship between wellbeing tendency, health consciousness, and life satisfaction among local community dance program participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.061
Izenstark, D., Oswald, R. F., Holman, E. G., Mendez, S. N., & Greder, K. A. (2016). Rural, low-income mothers' use of family-based nature activities to promote family. doi: 10.18666/jlr-2016-v48-i2-6409
Jung, S. W., Nguyen, Q. H., & Bae, Y. J. (2008). Aquatic insect faunas and communities of a mountain stream in Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam. Limnology, 9(3), 219. doi: 10.1007/s10201-008-0250-8
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. Bmj, 337, a2338. doi: 10.1007/s10201-008-0250-8
Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2006). A structural analysis of destination travel intentions as a function of web site features. Journal of Travel research, 45(2), 204-216. doi: 10.1177/0047287506291599
Kim, K. A., Byon, K. K., Baek, W., & Williams, A. S. (2018). Examining structural relationships among sport service environments, excitement, consumer-to-consumer interaction, and consumer citizenship behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.004
Kim, C. K., Han, D., & Park, S. B. (2001). The effect of brand personality and brand identification on brand loyalty: Applying the theory of social identification. Japanese psychological research, 43(4), 195-206. doi: 10.1111/1468-5884.00177
Kim, Seungmo, Jing Dong Liu, and Adam Love. "Event prestige as a mediator between sport involvement and intent to continue participation." Perceptual and motor skills 121.2 (2015): 371-389. doi: 10.2466/06.PMS.121c21x2
Klaus, P., & Maklan, S. (2011). Bridging the gap for destination extreme sports: A model of sports tourism customer experience. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(13-14), 1341-1365.health. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(2), 134-155. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2011.624534
Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., ... & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). How positive emotions build physical health: Perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological science, 24(7), 1123-1132. doi: 10.1177/0956797612470827
Kranzbühler, A. M., Kleijnen, M. H. P., Morgan, R. E., & Teerling, M. (2018). The Multilevel Nature of Customer Experience Research: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(2), 433–456. doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12140
Kumar, A., & Kim, Y. K. (2014). The store-as-a-brand strategy: The effect of store environment on customer respons-es. Journal of Retailing and Consumer services, 21(5), 685-695. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.04.008
Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of marketing, 80(6), 69-96. doi: 10.1509/jm.15.0420
Lundberg, E. & Andersson, T., (2022). Subjective Well-being (SWB) of Sport Event Participants: Causes and Effects. Event Management, 26(1), 41-57. doi: 10.3727/152599521X16192004803601
Matos, M. G. D., Santos, A., Brito, C. F. C. D., Marta, F., Evangelista, E. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Mattila, M. (2017). O surf na promoção da saúde e bem-estar em jovens em contexto de acolhimento: avaliação de uma intervenção. doi: 10.34628/82fe-f510
Minkiewicz, J., Evans, J., & Bridson, K. (2014). How do consumers co-create their experiences? An exploration in the heritage sector. Journal of marketing management, 30(1-2), 30-59. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2013.800899
Morgan, A. D. (2019). Salting’: preserving, seasoning, savouring, purifying and transforming through ‘marine adventur-ing. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 19(2), 140-158. doi: 10.1080/14729679.2019.1568894
Morgan, M. (2007). Festival spaces and the visitor experience. Social and Cultural Change: Making Space(s) for Leisure and Tourism, 113–130.
Morris, L., Sallybanks, J., Willis, K., & Makkai, T. (2003). Sport, physical activity and antisocial behaviour in youth (Vol. 49). Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. doi: 0642242933
Munoz Strale, C., Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Pinochet, F., Godoy-Cumillaf, A., Fuentes-Merino, P., & Duclos-Bastías, D. (2024). Physical Fitness, Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Chilean College Students. Retos, 56, 521–530. doi: 10.47197/retos.v56.104184
Patrício, L., Fisk, R. P., Falcão e Cunha, J., & Constantine, L. (2011). Multilevel service design: from customer value constellation to service experience blueprinting. Journal of service Research, 14(2), 180-200. doi: 10.1177/1094670511401901
Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., Lakioti, A., & Yotsidi, V. (2019). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in Greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the PERMA Profiler. Current Psychology, 1-18. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00236-7
Piper, K., Wainwright, N., Emanuel, L., & Williams, A. (2022). Well-being resources and mass participation sports events in Pembrokeshire. Event Management, 26(1), 59-72. doi: 10.3727/152599521X16192004803610
Prebensen, N. K., & Foss, L. (2011). Coping and co‐creating in tourist experiences. International Journal of Tourism Re-search, 13(1), 54-67. doi: 10.1002/jtr.799
Ramchandani, G., Coleman, R. & Millar, R., (2022). The Perceived Influence of Sport Event Spectatorship on Subjec-tive Wellbeing, Journal of Global Sport Management, 7:1, 226-241, doi: 10.1080/24704067.2019.1669066
Rihova, I., Buhalis, D., Moital, M., & Gouthro, M. B. (2014). Social constructions of value: marketing considerations for the context of event and festival visitation. Ideological, social and cultural aspects of events. Cabi, Wallingford, 74-85. doi: 10.1079/9781780643526.0074
Ruseski, J. E., Humphreys, B. R., Hallman, K., Wicker, P., & Breuer, C. (2014). Sport participation and subjective well-being: Instrumental variable results from German survey data. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(2), 396-403. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2012-0001
Sandford, R. A., Duncombe, R., & Armour, K. M. (2008). The role of physical activity/sport in tackling youth disaffec-tion and anti‐social behaviour. Educational review, 60(4), 419-435. doi: 10.1080/00131910802393464
Sato, M., Jordan, J. S., & Funk, D. C. (2016). A distance-running event and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of in-volvement. Sport Management Review, 19(5), 536-549. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.001
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. doi: 10.4236/psych.2012.36063
Sauer, P., Spradley, B. D., & Cromartie, F. J. (2017). Influence of Service in a Sports Environment: Case Study on Bo-russia Bortmund. Sport Journal. doi:
Steger, M. F. (2012). Making meaning in life. Psychological Inquiry, 23(4), 381-385. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2012.720832
Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of retailing, 77(2), 203-220. doi: 10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0
Theodorakis, N. D., Kaplanidou, K., & Karabaxoglou, I. (2015). Effect of event service quality and satisfaction on hap-piness among runners of a recurring sport event. Leisure Sciences, 37(1), 87-107. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2014.938846
Torres, E. N., & Ronzoni, G. (2018). The evolution of the customer delight construct: Prior research, current meas-urement, and directions for future research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 57-75. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0528
Ur Rehman Laghari, K., Ben Yahya, I. G., & Crespi, N. (2010). Towards a service delivery based on customer eXperi-ence ontology: Shift from service to eXperience. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Ar-tificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 6473 LNCS, 51–61. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-16836-9_5
Vázquez, L. Ángel, Patón, R. N., Álvarez, O. R., Calvo, M. M., & Fuentes, C. L. (2023). Actividad física y calidad de vida de adultos mayores en Argentina: un estudio transversal (Physical activity and quality of life in Argentinian older adults: a cross-sectional study). Retos, 48, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.93321
Verhoef, P. C., Lemon, K. N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M., & Schlesinger, L. A. (2009). Customer Experience Creation: Determinants, Dynamics and Management Strategies. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 31–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jretai.2008.11.001
Verhoef, P. C., Reinartz, W. J., & Krafft, M. (2010). Customer engagement as a new perspective in customer manage-ment. Journal of service research, 13(3), 247-252. doi:
Villavicencio, F. T., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2013). Positive academic emotions moderate the relationship between self-regulation and academic achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 329–340. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2012.02064.x
Williams, P., & Soutar, G. N. (2000, November). Dimensions of customer value and the tourism experience: An ex-ploratory study. In Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (Vol. 28, pp. 1415-1421). doi:
World Health Organization. (2001). World health report 2001: mental health (No. EM/RC48/INF. DOC. 1).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.