School bullying and its relationship with physical activity among schooled adolescents in Cali, Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.100607Keywords:
bullying, physical activity, adolescent, students, health behaviorAbstract
Bullying is a frequent issue in schools, and is associated with physical and mental disorders that can impact student behaviors, including physical activity. Nevertheless, studies addressing this matter within the national context remain limited. The aim was to analyze the relationship between bullying and physical activity in students from Cali, Colombia. A total of 340 students, aged between 12 and 17 years, from three schools participated in the study, they underwent anthropometric assessment, completed the Bully/Victim questionnaire to determine the frequency and type of bullying and the Physical Activity Questionnaire in its adolescent version (PAQ-A). Univariate analysis was conducted using frequency and percentage tables for qualitative variables, while quantitative variables were presented as means with standard deviations. Bivariate analysis utilized Pearson's Chi2 and Fisher's tests for categorical variables, and T-Student's statistic for mean comparisons. Finally, odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression models. The 32.06% of students reported experiencing some form of bullying, with females exhibiting a higher likelihood of being victims of insults or mockery, and males showing a greater likelihood of being bullies. Being physically active was associated with having experienced intimidation, being male, and attending private schools. This study underscores the importance of implementing initiatives to promote physical activity and reduce bullying, with a focus on high-risk groups such as females and students in public schools
Key words: Bullying, physical activity, adolescent health, students, health behavior
References
Aguilar-Farias, N., Martino-Fuentealba, P., Carcamo-Oyarzun, J., Cortinez-O'Ryan, A., Cristi-Montero, C., Von Oetinger, A., & Sadarangani, K.P. (2018). A Regional Vision of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Education in Adolescents from Latin America and yhe Caribbean: Results from 26 Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology., 47(3), 976-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy033
Azúa Fuentes, E., Rojas Carvallo, P., & Ruiz Poblete, S. (2020). Acoso escolar (bullying) como factor de riesgo de depresión y suicidio. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 91(3), 432-439. https://dx.doi.org/10.32641/rchped.v91i3.1230.
Benítez-Porres, J., Alvero-Cruz, J. R., Sardinha, L. B., López-Fernández, I., & Carnero, E. A. (2016). Cut-Off Values for Classifying Active Children and Adolescents Using the Physical Activity Questionnaire: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 33(5), 1036-1044. https://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.564
Bonet, Morro, A., Alguacil Jiménez, M., Escamilla-Fajardo, P., Pérez-Campos, C., & Aguado Berenguer, S. (2022). Estudio comparativo de género sobre el acoso escolar: estrategias y acciones. Retos: Nuevas tendencias en Educa-ción Física, Deportes y Recreación, 44, 45-52. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.88111
Chacón, F., Corral, J. A., & del Rey, R. (2020). Beneficios de la actividad física en la prevención del acoso escolar y la exclusión. En Ortega, R., Córdoba, F., & Dávila, A (Coords.), Educación Física y convivencia: oportunidades y desafíos en la prevención del acoso escolar (pp. 51-72). La Muralla, SA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348521372_Beneficios_de_la_actividad_fisica_en_la_prevencion_del_acoso_escolar_y_la_exclusion
Chaux, E., & Castellanos, M. (2015). Money and age in schools: Bullying and Power Imbalances. Aggressive Beha-vior.,41(3):280-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21558
Contreras, K., Roa, T., Vásquez, C., Castillo, F., & Castillo, M. (2023). Aproximación a la implementación de la alfabetización física en Chile: una revisión narrativa. Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 47, 96-102. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8602399
De Looze, M., Elgar, F. J., Currie, C., Kolip, P., & Stevens, G. W. J. (2019). Gender Inequality and Sex Differ-ences in Physical Fighting, Physical Activity, and Injury among Adolescents Across 36 Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(5), 657-663.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.007
Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos (2021, mayo). Efectos del acoso. StopBullying.gov. https://espanol.stopbullying.gov/acoso-escolar-mkc4/efectos
Fialho, N., & Bakshi, A. J. (2016). Understanding School Bullying: Its Nature and Prevention Strategies. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 44(2), 246-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1149914.
Galán-Arroyo, C., Mayordomo-Pinilla, N., Castillo-Paredes, A., & Rojo-Ramos, J. (2023). Physical Fitness and Bullying in Physical Education Classroom. Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 50, 849-857. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9075234
García-Hermoso, A., Oriol-Granado, X., Correa-Bautista, J. E., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2019). Association Be-tween Bullying Victimization and Physical Fitness among Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.02.006.
Gaylis, J. B., Levy, S. S., & Hong, M. Y. (2020). Relationships between body weight perception, body mass index, physical activity, and food choices in Southern California male and female adolescents. International Journal of Adoles-cence and Youth, 25(1), 264-275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1614465
Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020). Global Trends in Insufficient Physical Activity Among Adolescents: a Pooled Analysis of 298 Population-Based Surveys with 1· 6 Million Participants. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
Herazo-Beltrán, Y., Campo-Ternera, L., García-Puello, F., Méndez, O., Suárez-Villa, M., Vásquez-De la Hoz, F., & Núñez-Bravo, N. (2019). Relationship Between Physical Activity and Emotional Intelligence and Bullying among School Children. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 28(1), 97-104. https://archives.rpd-online.com/article/download/v28-n1-herazo-campo-garcia-etal/2000-12641-1-PB.pdf
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118548387
Jiménez-Barbero, J. A., Jiménez-Loaisa, A., González-Cutre, D., Beltrán-Carrillo, V. J., Llor-Zaragoza, L., & Ruiz-Hernández, J. A. (2019). Physical Education and School Bullying: A Systematic Review. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(1), 79-100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17408989.2019.1688775?journalCode=cpes20
Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R., & Donen, R. M. (2004). The physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A) manual. College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan. https://www.prismsports.org/UserFiles/file/PAQ_manual_ScoringandPDF.pdf
Koyanagi, A., Veronese. N., Vancampfort, D. & Stickley, A. Jackson, S., Oh, H., Shin, J., Haro, J., Stubbs, B., & Smith, L. (2020). Association of bullying victimization with overweight and obesity among adolescents from 41 low-and middle-income countries. Pediatric Obesity, 15(1): e12571. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12571
Martínez-Gómez, D., Martínez-de-Haro, V., Pozo, T., Welk, G. J., Villagra, A., Calle, M. E., Marcos, A., & Vei-ga, O. L. (2009). Fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario de actividad física PAQ-A en adolescentes españoles. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 83(3), 427-439. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-57272009000300008
Medina, J. Á., & Reverte, M. J. (2019). Incidencia de la práctica de actividad física y deportiva como reguladora de la violencia escolar (Incidence of the practice of physical and sporting activities as a regulator of school violence). Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 35, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i35.64359.
Mehdizadeh, M., Nordfjaern, T., Mamdoohi, A. R., & Mohaymany, A. S. (2017). The Role of Parental Risk Judgements, Transport Safety Attitudes, Transport Priorities and Accident Experiences on Pupils’ Walking to School. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 102, 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.020
Méndez, I., Ruiz-Esteban, C., & Ortega, E. (2019) Impact of the Physical Activity on Bullying. Frontiers in Psycho-logy, 10, Artículo 1520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01520
Méndez, F., Tonguino, S., & Ortega-Lenis, D. (2023). Principales hallazgos e implicaciones en salud pública de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (ENSE), Colombia 2017. Colombia Médica, 54(2), Artículo e2015402. http://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v54i2.5402
Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2017). Bullying in Schools: The State of Knowledge and Effective Interventions. Psy-chology, Health & Medicine, 22(sup1), 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
Milnes, K., Turner-Moore, T., & Gough, B. (2022). Towards a Culturally Situated Understanding of Bullying: Viewing Young People’s Talk About Peer Relationships Through the Lens of Consent. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(10), 1367-1385. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1965106.
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2016). Resolución 00002465 de 2016. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad_Nuevo/Resolucion%202465%20de%202016.pdf?ID=4909<
ONG Internacional Bullying sin Fronteras. (2023). Estadísticas mundiales de bullying. 2022/2023. Colombia. 9no. lugar. 41.500 casos. https://bullyingsinfronteras.blogspot.com/2018/11/estadisticas-de-bullying-en-colombia.html
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2021). Más allá de los números: Po-ner fin a la violencia y el acoso en el ámbito escolar. (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Prevención de la violencia en la escuela: manual práctico. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/331022
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Directrices de la OMS sobre actividad física y hábitos sedentarios. https://www.who.int/es/publications/i/item/9789240014886
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2012). A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Bullying Prevention Pro-grams Effects on Bystander Intervention Behavior. School Psychology Review, 41(1), 47-65. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02796015.2012.12087375
Pulido, R., Banks, C., Ragan, K., Pang, D., Blake, J. J., & McKyer, E. L. (2019). The Impact of School Bullying on Physical Activity in Overweight Youth: Exploring Race and Ethnic Differences. Journal of School Health, 89(4), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12740
Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Khan, M. A., Hasan, M., & Choudhury, K. N. (2020). Bullying Victimization and Ad-verse Health Behaviors among School‐Going Adolescents in South Asia: Findings from the Global School‐based Stu-dent Health Survey. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10), 995-1006. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23033
Resett, S. (2018). Análisis psicométrico del Cuestionario de Agresores/Víctimas de Olweus en español. Revista de Psicología, 36(2), 575-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/psico.201802.007
Rincón-Herrera, A.D, Sánchez-Hernández, N.D., Ruíz-Castellanos, E. J., Sánchez-Rojas, I. A., Mendoza-Romero, D., & Lozano- Rueda, S. M. (2021). Niveles de actividad física en adolescentes de Colombia. Revista Iberoa-mericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 10(3), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.24310/riccafd.2021.v10i3.12533
Smith, L., Jacob, L., Shin, J. I., Tully, M. A., Pizzol, D., López-Sánchez, G. F., Gorely, T., Yang, L., Grabovac, I., & Koyanagi, A. (2021). Bullying Victimization and Obesogenic Behaviour among Adolescents Aged 12 to 15 Years from 54 Low-and Middle-income Countries. Pediatric Obesity, 16(1), Artículo e12700. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12700
Solberg, M. & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Ques-tionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 239-268, https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10047
Timmons-Mitchell, J., Levesque, D. A., Harris, L. A., Flannery, D. J., & Falcone, T. (2016). Pilot Test of Stand Up, an Online School-based Bullying Prevention Program. Children & Schools, 38(2), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdw010
Ttofi, M.M., Farrington, D.P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011). Do the Victims of School Bullies Tend to Become Depressed Later in Life? A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Journal of Aggression. Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/17596591111132873
United Nations Children's Fund. (2017). Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Children and Adolesccents: Theo-ry of Change. United Nations Children’s Fund, Child Protection Section. https://www.unicef.org/media/83206/file/Violence-Against-Children-ToC.pdf
Zapata-López, J. S., Tonguino-Rosero, S., & Méndez, F. (2023). Sedentary behavior and school bullying in adoles-cents: An analysis based on a National Survey in Colombia. Journal of School Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13397
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.