Análisis de la tarea de aprendizaje motor en niños con discapacidad intelectual (Analysis of motor learning task in children with intellectual disability)

Autores/as

  • Jorge Lopes Cavalcante Neto
  • Érica Alane Silva Universidade do Estado da Bahia
  • Marília Silva Guedes

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.98355

Palabras clave:

Desarrollo infantile, Discapacidad intectual, Actividad motriz, Aprendizaje, Tarea motora

Resumen

Introducción: Los niños con discapacidad intelectual (DI) presentan déficits cognitivos que interfieren en el proceso de aprendizaje motor. Objetivo: Analizar el aprendizaje motor de niños con discapacidad intelectual (DI) y compararlo con el de niños con desarrollo típico. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 20 niños de ambos sexos (10 con DI y edad 8,5±1,57 años). Los grupos experimental (GE) y control (GC) estuvieron compuestos por niños con y sin DI, respectivamente. Utilizamos una tarea de laberinto impresa en una hoja de papel (tamaño A4). Se realizaron diez intentos el primer día: cinco para la fase de adquisición 1(A1) y cinco para la fase de adquisición 2 (A2). También se realizaron 5 intentos 48 horas después para la fase de retención (RET). Resultados: Los resultados relacionados con las fases de aprendizaje motor fueron menores en el GE en comparación con el GC (p<0,01). Las comparaciones dentro de los grupos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los resultados. Los niños del GE mantuvieron la puntuación en las fases A1 y A2 y descendieron en la fase RET, mientras que el GC mantuvo las mismas puntuaciones en las tres fases. Conclusiones: Los niños con DI presentaron menor rendimiento en la tarea del laberinto que los niños con Desarrollo típico. Parece que el aprendizaje motor es más lento en los individuos con DI que en los controles, y necesitan más tiempo y repeticiones para aprender la tarea del laberinto.

Palabras clave: Desarrollo infantil, Discapacidad intelectual, Actividad motriz, Aprendizaje, Tarea motora.

Abstract. Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) present cognitive deficits interfering with the motor learning process. Objective: To analyze the motor learning of children with intellectual disability (ID) and compare with typically developing children. Methods: The sample was composed of 20 children of both genders (10 with ID and aged 8.5±1.57 years). The experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups were composed of children with and without ID, respectively. We used a maze task printed on a paper sheet (A4 size). Ten attempts were performed on the first day: five for the acquisition 1 (A1) and five for the acquisition 2 (A2) phase. Five attempts were also performed 48 hours later for the retention phase (RET). Results: The results related to the motor learning phases were lower in the EG compared with CG (p < 0.01). Within-group comparisons showed no significant differences between the outcomes. Children in the EG maintained the score in the A1 and A2 phases and declined in the RET phase, while the CG maintained the same scores over the three phases. Conclusion: Children with ID presented lower performance in the maze task than typically developing children. It seems that motor learning is slower in individuals with ID than controls, and they need more time and repetitions to learn the maze task.

Key words: Child development, Intellectual disability, Motor activity, Learning, Motor task

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Publicado

2023-06-28

Cómo citar

Lopes Cavalcante Neto, J., Alane Silva, Érica, & Silva Guedes, M. (2023). Análisis de la tarea de aprendizaje motor en niños con discapacidad intelectual (Analysis of motor learning task in children with intellectual disability). Retos, 49, 807–812. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.98355

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