Desarrollo y evaluación de la creatividad motriz en el fútbol: estado de la cuestión (Development and evaluation of motor creativity in football: state of the art)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.90395Resumen
En el fútbol, la creatividad motriz, tanto a nivel individual como grupal, es necesaria para disponer de un repertorio de respuestas diverso o para ser impredecibles para los oponentes. No obstante, estas respuestas deberían ser lo suficientemente estables para que sean predecibles para los integrantes de un mismo equipo. El objetivo de este estudio fue mostrar el estado de la cuestión en la literatura científica en relación con el desarrollo y la evaluación de la creatividad motriz en el fútbol, poniendo especial énfasis en la investigación centrada en una visión compleja del comportamiento motor. Tradicionalmente se han descrito tres componentes para analizar la creatividad: la fluidez, la flexibilidad y la originalidad. A partir de la comprensión de la creatividad como un fenómeno complejo, se analizan diferentes propuestas metodológicas que han sido investigadas en la literatura científica, como el uso de Juegos Reducidos o el Aprendizaje Diferencial. Existen dificultades para medir la creatividad, no obstante, se han diseñado herramientas para evaluar comportamientos creativos de forma subjetiva a partir de la observación de videos por parte de expertos a través de rúbricas y análisis de video. Desde la aplicación de las ciencias de la complejidad a la investigación deportiva, se ha medido también aplicando métodos matemáticos y/o estadísticos como son diferentes medidas de entropía, el dynamic overlap para medir la flexibilidad y la fluidez del comportamiento motor o el PCA y el Tucker’s Coefficient, que se pueden utilizar para medir la originalidad. En este artículo se pone en valor la importancia de la creatividad en los contextos deportivos, concretamente en la práctica del fútbol. Finalmente, se presentan varias propuestas de futuro para la evaluación y desarrollo de la creatividad en el fútbol.
Abstract. In football, motor creativity, both individually and in groups, is necessary to have a diverse repertoire of responses or to be unpredictable for opponents. However, these responses should be stable enough to be predictable for members of the same team. The objective of this study was to show the state of the art in the scientific literature in relation to the development and evaluation of motor creativity in football, placing special emphasis on research focused on a complex view of motor behaviour. Three components have traditionally been described to analyse creativity: fluency, flexibility and originality. Starting from the understanding of creativity as a complex phenomenon, different methodological proposals that have been investigated in the scientific literature are analysed, such as the use of small-sided games or Differential Learning. There are difficulties in measuring creativity, however, tools have been designed to subjectively assess creative behaviours from the observation of videos by experts through rubrics and video analysis. From the application of the sciences of complexity to sports research, it has also been measured by applying mathematical and/or statistical methods such as different entropy measures, the dynamic overlap to measure the flexibility and fluidity of motor behaviour or the PCA and the Tucker's Coefficient, which can be used to measure originality. This article highlights the importance of creativity in sports contexts, specifically in the practice of football. Finally, several future proposals are presented for the evaluation and development of creativity in football.
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