La experiencia de las minorías sexuales en el contexto deportivo español: la salida del armario como una matrioshka (The experience of sexual minorities in the spanish sport context: coming out as a matryoshka)

Autores/as

  • Victor Merino-Expósito Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Evolutiva i Educació. Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca de l’Esport. Barcelona, España. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7983-9369
  • Miquel Torregrossa Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Evolutiva i Educació. Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca de l’Esport. Barcelona, España. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-9977
  • Yago Ramis Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Evolutiva i Educació. Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca de l’Esport. Barcelona, España. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3881-300X
  • Marta Borrueco Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Evolutiva i Educació. Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca de l’Esport. Barcelona, España. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-5673

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108967

Palabras clave:

Carrera deportiva, discriminación, entornos sociales, LGTBIQA, orientaciones sexuales, transiciones vitales

Resumen

Introducción: El colectivo LGTBIQA+ sufre discriminación en el contexto deportivo, lo que les hace sentirse inseguros para salir del armario. En este estudio exploramos esta transición, centrándonos en las minorías sexuales masculinas en el contexto deportivo español. Método: Realizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas a seis deportistas pertenecientes a minorías sexuales. Desarrollamos un análisis temático desde la perspectiva del realismo crítico para explorar tanto las percepciones subjetivas de los participantes como los factores estructurales presentes en esta transición. Resultados: Los participantes expresaron diferentes fases en su la salida del armario. En primer lugar, fueron conscientes de su orientación sexual desde una temprana edad, previamente a la adolescencia, terminando por salir del armario con ellos mismos. Posteriormente, salieron del armario en el entorno cercano durante la adolescencia. El contexto deportivo fue sistemáticamente el último entorno donde compartieron su orientación sexual. En cuanto a los factores estructurales, proponemos temas como: la conciencia del estigma sexual, las creencias y estereotipos sobre género y las orientaciones sexuales, y, especialmente en el deporte masculino, el sistema de creencias heteronormativo y la masculinidad hegemónica. Discusión: La transición de salida del armario puede verse como la imagen de una matrioshka. Primero, se forma la figura inicial, con la salida del armario con uno mismo. A continuación, se añaden matrioshkas que representan los entornos en los que los deportistas visibilizan su orientación sexual, cuyo orden viene dado por la percepción del estigma sexual y la aceptación que esperan en cada uno de ellos. La percepción del deporte como un entorno hostil hace que sea la última matrioshka que los deportistas añaden.

Palabras clave: Carrera deportiva, discriminación, entornos sociales, LGTBIQA+, orientaciones sexuales, transiciones vitales

Abstract. Introduction: LGTBIQA+ people face discrimination in the sport context, which makes them feel unsafe to come out. In this study we explore this transition, focusing on male sexual minorities in the Spanish context. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with six sexual minorities athletes. We developed a thematic analysis from the critical realist perspective to explore both the subjective perceptions of the participants and the structural factors present in this transition. Results: Participants expressed different phases of coming out. First, they were aware of their sexual orientation from an early age and eventually came out to themselves. Later, they came out to the close environment during adolescence. The sport context was consistently the last environment where they share their sexual orientation. In terms of structural factors, we propose themes such as: awareness of sexual stigma, gender and sexual orientation beliefs and stereotypes, and especially in male sport, the heteronormative belief system and hegemonic masculinity. Discussion: The transition of coming out can be seen as the image of a matryoshka. First the initial figure is formed, coming out with oneself. Next, matryoshkas are added to represent the environments in which athletes make their sexual orientation visible. The order is determined by the sexual stigma and acceptance they expect in each environment. The perception of sport as a hostile environment makes it the last matryoshka that athletes add.

Keywords: Discrimination, LGTBIQA+, life transitions, sexual orientations, social environments, sport career

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Publicado

2024-12-01

Cómo citar

Merino-Expósito, V., Torregrossa, M., Ramis, Y., & Borrueco, M. (2024). La experiencia de las minorías sexuales en el contexto deportivo español: la salida del armario como una matrioshka (The experience of sexual minorities in the spanish sport context: coming out as a matryoshka). Retos, 61, 644–654. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108967

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Artículos de carácter científico: trabajos de investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

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