Dieta cetogénica: una puerta de entrada para optimizar el rendimiento deportivo aeróbico y anaeróbico (Ketogenic diet - A gateway to optimize aerobic and anaerobic athletic performance)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106754Palabras clave:
Lesiones, cetogénicas, cetosis, ejercicios aeróbicos, ejercicios anaeróbicos, daño muscularResumen
Esta revisión narrativa tiene como objetivo resaltar el efecto de la dieta cetogénica sobre el rendimiento deportivo aeróbico y anaeróbico. Este artículo adopta un enfoque narrativo exponiendo los resultados de aproximadamente 40 estudios anteriores para definir el alcance de la aplicación de la dieta cetogénica como terapia nutricional, con el objetivo de ayudar a la recuperación de la fatiga o daño muscular causado por el ejercicio y aumentar el rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico. Una dieta cetogénica parece más adecuada para actividades físicas de menor intensidad realizadas en un estado de demanda energética equilibrado o moderado. Sin embargo, existe una falta de consenso sobre su compatibilidad con ejercicios de fuerza que requieren explosiones máximas de energía. Estas investigaciones deberían explorar sus efectos sobre el rendimiento, la salud y la composición corporal en comparación con otros enfoques dietéticos. En última instancia, una mejor comprensión de los beneficios y limitaciones de la dieta cetogénica ayudará a los atletas y a las personas a tomar decisiones informadas sobre su adopción para optimizar su salud y sus objetivos deportivos.
Palabras clave: Lesiones, cetogénicas, cetosis, ejercicios aeróbicos, ejercicios anaeróbicos, daño muscular.
Abstract. This narrative review aims to highlight the effect of the Ketogenic diet on aerobic and anaerobic athletic performance. This paper adopts a narrative approach exposing the results of approximately 40 earlier studies to define the scope of applying the ketogenic diet as a nutritional therapy, aiming to aid recovery from fatigue or muscle damage caused by exercise and to increase aerobic and anaerobic performance. A ketogenic diet appears better suited for lower-intensity physical activities conducted in a balanced or moderate state of energy demand. However, there is a lack of consensus on its compatibility with strength exercises that require maximal bursts of energy. These investigations should explore its effects on performance, health, and body composition compared to other dietary approaches. Ultimately, a better understanding of the ketogenic diet's benefits and limitations will help athletes and individuals make informed decisions about its adoption for optimizing their health and athletic goals.
Keywords: Injuries, ketogenic, ketosis, aerobic exercises, anaerobic exercises, muscle damage
Citas
Ashtary-Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Bavi, H., Baker, J. S., Moro, T., Mancin, L., & Paoli, A. (2022). Ketogenic diets, physical activity and body composition: a review. In British Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 127, Issue 12). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002609
Brouns, F. (2018). Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate–high-fat diet recommendable? In European Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 57, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1636-y
Burke, L. M. (2021). Ketogenic low-CHO, high-fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport? In Journal of Physiology (Vol. 599, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278928
Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Welvaert, M., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. G., Mirtschin, J. G., Cato, L. E., Strobel, N., Sharma, A. P., & Hawley, J. A. (2017). Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. Journal of Physiology, 595(9). https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273230
Burke, L. M., Whitfield, J., Heikura, I. A., Ross, M. L. R., Tee, N., Forbes, S. F., Hall, R., McKay, A. K. A., Wallett, A. M., & Sharma, A. P. (2021). Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability. Journal of Physiology, 599(3). https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280221
Cao, J., Lei, S., Wang, X., & Cheng, S. (2021). The effect of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Nutrients (Vol. 13, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082896
Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, A. J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, S. W., King, M. T., Dodd, M. S., Holloway, C., Neubauer, S., Drawer, S., Veech, R. L., Griffin, J. L., & Clarke, K. (2016). Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes. Cell Metabolism, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.010
Devrim-Lanpir, A., Hill, L., & Knechtle, B. (2021). Efficacy of popular diets applied by endurance athletes on sports performance: beneficial or detrimental? A narrative review. In Nutrients (Vol. 13, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020491
Dyńka, D., Kowalcze, K., Charuta, A., & Paziewska, A. (2023). The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. In Nutrients (Vol. 15, Issue 15). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153368
Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2013). Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. In Cell Metabolism (Vol. 17, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012
Greene, D. A., Varley, B. J., Hartwig, T. B., Chapman, P., & Rigney, M. (2018). A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet reduces body mass without compromising performance in powerlifting and olympic weightlifting athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(12). https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002904
Gregory, R. M. (2017). A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Combined with 6-Weeks of Crossfit Training Improves Body Composition and Performance. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5718/1510054
Huang, Q., Ma, S., Tominaga, T., Suzuki, K., & Liu, C. (2018). An 8-week, low carbohydrate, high fat, ketogenic diet enhanced exhaustive exercise capacity in mice part 2: Effect on fatigue recovery, post-exercise biomarkers and anti-oxidation capacity. Nutrients, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101339
Kephart, W. C., Pledge, C. D., Roberson, P. A., Mumford, P. W., Romero, M. A., Mobley, C. B., Martin, J. S., Young, K. C., Lowery, R. P., Wilson, J. M., Huggins, K. W., & Roberts, M. D. (2018). The three-month effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition, blood parameters, and performance metrics in crossfit trainees: A pilot study. Sports, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6010001
Koerich, A. C. C., Borszcz, F. K., Thives Mello, A., de Lucas, R. D., & Hansen, F. (2022). Effects of the ketogenic diet on performance and body composition in athletes and trained adults: a systematic review and Bayesian multivariate multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Vol. 63, Issue 32). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2090894
McSwiney, F. T., Doyle, L., Plews, D. J., & Zinn, C. (2019). Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights. In Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 10). https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180409
McSwiney, F. T., Wardrop, B., Hyde, P. N., Lafountain, R. A., Volek, J. S., & Doyle, L. (2018). Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.010
Murphy, N. E., Carrigan, C. T., & Margolis, L. M. (2021). High-Fat Ketogenic Diets and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. In Advances in Nutrition (Vol. 12, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa101
Noakes, T. D., Prins, P. J., Volek, J. S., D’Agostino, D. P., & Koutnik, A. P. (2023). Low carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diets on the exercise crossover point and glucose homeostasis. In Frontiers in Physiology (Vol. 14). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1150265
O’neill, B., & Raggi, P. (2019). Clinical and scientific debates on atherosclerosis The ketogenic diet: Pros and cons. Atherosclerosis, 292.
Paoli, A. (2014). Ketogenic diet for obesity: Friend or foe? In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 11, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202092
Paoli, A., Bianco, A., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2015). The Ketogenic Diet and Sport: A Possible Marriage? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000050
Paoli, A., Grimaldi, K., D’Agostino, D., Cenci, L., Moro, T., Bianco, A., & Palma, A. (2012). Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-34
Paoli, A., Grimaldi, K., Toniolo, L., Canato, M., Bianco, A., & Fratter, A. (2012). Nutrition and acne: Therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets. In Skin Pharmacology and Physiology (Vol. 25, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1159/000336404
Podlogar, T., & Wallis, G. A. (2022). New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 52). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1
Prins, P. J., Noakes, T. D., Buga, A., D’Agostino, D. P., Volek, J. S., Buxton, J. D., Heckman, K., Jones, D. W., Tobias, N. E., Grose, H. M., Jenkins, A. K., Jancay, K. T., & Koutnik, A. P. (2023). Low and high carbohydrate isocaloric diets on performance, fat oxidation, glucose and cardiometabolic health in middle age males. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1084021
Prins, P. J., Noakes, T. D., Welton, G. L., Haley, S. J., Esbenshade, N. J., Atwell, A. D., Scott, K. E., Abraham, J., Raabe, A. S., Buxton, J. D., & Ault, D. L. (2019). High rates of fat oxidation induced by a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, do not impair 5-km running performance in competitive recreational athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 18(4).
Sansone, M., Sansone, A., Borrione, P., Romanelli, F., Di Luigi, L., & Sgrò, P. (2018). Effects of Ketone Bodies on Endurance Exercise. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000542
Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., O’Hara, J., Sutton, L., Antonio, J., Willoughby, D. S., Tarpey, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Ormsbee, M. J., Astorino, T. A., Kreider, R. B., … Bannock, L. (2019). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. In Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (Vol. 16, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9
Vargas-Molina, S., Gómez-Urquiza, J. L., García-Romero, J., & Benítez-Porres, J. (2022). Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912629
Volek, J. S., Freidenreich, D. J., Saenz, C., Kunces, L. J., Creighton, B. C., Bartley, J. M., Davitt, P. M., Munoz, C. X., Anderson, J. M., Maresh, C. M., Lee, E. C., Schuenke, M. D., Aerni, G., Kraemer, W. J., & Phinney, S. D. (2016). Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 65(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028
Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015). Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.959564
Wang, Y., Zhou, K., Wang, V., Bao, D., & Zhou, J. (2022). The Effects of Concurrent Training Combined with Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 19, Issue 18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811542
Wroble, K. A., Trott, M. N., Schweitzer, G. G., Rahman, R. S., Kelly, P. V., & Weiss, E. P. (2019). Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance in exercise-trained women and men: A randomized-sequence crossover trial. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(4). https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08318-4
Zajac, A., Poprzecki, S., Maszczyk, A., Czuba, M., Michalczyk, M., & Zydek, G. (2014). The effects of a ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism and physical performance in off-road cyclists. Nutrients, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072493
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
