Efectos de programas de ejercicio físico en la composición corporal, condición física y calidad de vida de personas mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad: una revisión sistemática (Effects of physical exercise programs on body composition, physical fitness and quality of life in older people with overweight or obesity: a systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.104052Palabras clave:
adulto mayor, ejercicio físico, condición física, composición corporal, calidad de vida, sobrepeso u obesidad, (elderly, physical exercise, physical fitness, body composition, quality of life, overweight or obesity)Resumen
Cerca de un tercio de la población mundial se encuentra clasificada con sobrepeso u obesidad, presentándose con mayor prevalencia en personas mayores (Chooj, 2019). En el año 2030, el 20% de la población mundial estará representado por personas mayores y la mitad de ellos sufrirá obesidad (Colleluori & Villarreal, 2021), convirtiéndose en un gran desafío de salud pública (Jura & Kozak, 2016). Así, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática acerca de los efectos de programas de ejercicio físico (EF), como intervención única, en la composición corporal, condición física y calidad de vida (CV) de personas mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad. Se utilizó la declaración PRISMA, realizando una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed y Web of Sciencie, durante septiembre de 2023. Se incluyeron publicaciones de los 5 últimos años, con personas mayores en condición de sobrepeso u obesidad. Un total de 23 artículos finales, cumplieron con todos los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios, demostraron que el EF, como intervención única, realizado entre 8 a 12 semana tiene efectos positivos en la disminución de grasa corporal, aumento de la masa muscular, mejora de la condición física y mejora de la CV de las personas mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad, pero estos resultados dependerán del tipo de programa realizado, entre los que se encontraron de tipo aeróbico, resistencia, y combinados. Debido a la diversidad de programas encontrados, se necesitarían más estudios para concluir acerca del más apropiado para la población de estudio.
Palabras clave: adulto mayor, ejercicio físico, condición física, composición corporal calidad de vida, sobrepeso u obesidad.
Abstract. Approximately one third of the world's population is overweight or obese, with a higher prevalence in older people (Chooj, 2019). In the year 2030, 20% of the world's population will be represented by older people and half of them will suffer from obesity (Colleluori & Villarreal, 2021), becoming a major public health challenge (Jura & Kozak, 2016). Thus, the objective of the present study was to carry out a systematic review about the effects of physical exercise (PE) programs, as a single intervention, on the body composition, physical condition and quality of life (QoL) of older people with overweight or obesity. The PRISMA statement was used, conducting a search in the Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science databases, during September 2023. Publications from the last 5 years were included, with older people who were overweight or obese. A total of 23 final articles met all inclusion criteria. The studies demonstrated that PE, as a single intervention, carried out between 8 to 12 weeks, has positive effects on the reduction of body fat, increase in muscle mass, improvement of physical condition and improvement of QoL of overweight or obesity older people, but these results will depend on the type of program carried out, among which were aerobic, resistance and combined. Due to the diversity of programs found, more studies would be needed to conclude about the most appropriate ones for the study population.
Keywords: elderly, physical exercise, physical fitness, body composition, quality of life, overweight or obesity.
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