Conceptualizar las posiciones éticas de los directivos de salud y fitness; una investigación empírica en Grecia (Conceptualizing ethics positions of health and fitness managers; an empirical investigation in Greece)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.100703Palabras clave:
centro fitness, gerentes, Cuestionario de Posición Ética (EPQ)Resumen
El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las posturas éticas de los directores centres fitness en Grecia mediante el uso de una versión adaptada del Cuestionario de Posición Ética (EPQ) (Forsyth, 1980). Asimismo, se buscaba determinar si los directores de centros de fitness mostraban una mayor inclinación hacia el idealismo o el relativismo. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se recopiló información de una muestra compuesta por 249 directores de centros fitness procedentes, quienes completaron la versión modificada del EPQ. El cuestionario original constaba de 20 preguntas, de las cuales 10 evaluaban el idealismo y 10 evaluaban el relativismo. El EPQ se tradujo al griego y se adaptó para ajustarse al contexto de la industria de fitness en Grecia, después de realizar varios estudios piloto. Se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales confirmatorios y exploratorios, lo que resultó en un modelo de 12 cuestión y dos factores. El EPQ modificado demostró tener una buena consistencia interna y validez convergente con constructos relacionados,.Además, la categorización de los procedimientos normativos en tipos sugiere que los directores centros fitness en Grecia tienen diferentes posturas éticas, con algunos favoreciendo un enfoque más absoluto de la ética, mientras que otros consideran factores situacionales. Examinar las posturas éticas de los directores de centros fitness puede proporcionar información valiosa para la creación de códigos éticos de conducta y la implementación de iniciativas educativas adaptadas a este sector.
Palabras clave: ética de negocios, centro fitness, gerentes, Cuestionario de Posición Ética (EPQ)
Abstract. This research aim was to examine the ethical viewpoints of health and fitness managers in Greece. To achieve this, an adapted version of the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) (Forsyth, 1980) was employed. Additionally, the study sought to determine whether managers of these fitness centers leaned more towards idealism or relativism in their ethical perspectives. A group of 249 health and fitness managers participated in this study and completed Forsyth's original EPQ questionnaire included a total of 20 variables, with 10 assessing Idealism, and 10 evaluating Relativism. The EPQ was translated into Greek and adapted to suit the specific context of the Greek health and fitness industry, following multiple pilot studies. Both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted, resulting in a 12-item questionnaire with two distinct factors. The modified EPQ demonstrated strong internal consistency and showed convergent validity with related constructs. Furthermore, the categorization of normative procedures into types suggested that health and fitness managers in Greece held varying ethical positions. Some leaned towards a more absolute ethical approach, while others took into account situational factors in their ethical considerations. Investigating the ethical perspectives of health and fitness managers can provide valuable insights for developing ethical codes of conduct and tailored educational initiatives within this sector.
Key Words: business ethics, health & fitness, managers, Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ)
Citas
Addolorato, S., García-Unanue, J., Gallardo, L., & García-Fernández, J. (2022, jan./abr.). Fitness industry business mod-els: from the traditional franchising chain to the fitness boutique. PODIUM Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review, 11(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5585/podium.v11i1.18287.
Addolorato, S., García-Fernández, J., Gallardo, L., García-Unanue, J. (2020) An Overview of the Origins and Effective-ness of Commercial Fitness Equipment and Sectoral Corporate Settings: A Critical Review of Literature. Applied Sciences, 10(4), 1534.
Alguacil Jiménez, M., García-Fernández, J. ., Calabuig , F. ., & Valcarce-Torrente , M. (2023). Brand perception in fitness centers: A comparison according to the premium and low-cost model. Retos, 50, 746–760. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100050
Angelidis, J., & Ibrahim, N. A. (2011). The impact of emotional intelligence on the ethical judgment of managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 111–119.
Avourdiadou, S. & Theodorakis, N.D. (2014). The develpkent of loyalty among novice and experiences customers of sport and fitness centers. Sport Management Review, 17(4), 419-431.
Banville D., Desrosiers P., Genet-Volet Y. (2000). Translating research instruments using a cross-cultural translation tech-nique. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19, 374-387
Barnett, J.H., Karson, M.J. (1987). Personal values and business decisions: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 371–382.
Batrakoulis, A. (2019). European survey of fitness trends for 2020. ACSMs Health &
Fitness Journal, 23(6), 28–35.
Beebe, N. L., & Guynes, J. (2006). A model for predicting hacker behavior. AMCIS 2006 Proceedings, 409.
Bhattacharya, S., Neelam, N., & Murthy, V. (2018). Ethical value positioning of management students of India and Germa-ny. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16, 257–274.
Bodai, B. I., Nakata, T. E., Wong, W. T., Clark, D. R., Lawenda, S., Tsou, C., … Campbell, T. M. (2018). Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and Survival. The Permanente journal, 22, 17–025.
Browning, J., and N. Zabriskie. 1983. How ethical are industrial buyers? Industrial Marketing Management, 12(4), 219-224.
Buckworth, J & Dishman, R.K. (2002). Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics PubllishersByrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts. applications and programming. Routledge.
Caswell, S.V., Gould, T.E. (2008). Individual Moral Philosophies and Ethical Decision Making of Undergraduate Athletic Training Students and Educators. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 205–214.
Chen, Ch. (2022). Internationalization for Whom and for What? Ethical questions for sport management programs in Glob-al North Universities. Quest, 74(3), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2022.2100266
Chen, A.Y.S., Sawyers, R.B. & Williams, P.F. (1997). Reinforcing Ethical Decision Making Through Corporate Culture. Journal of Business Ethics 16, 855–865.
Chen, S. Y., & Liu, C. C. (2009). Relationships between personal religious orientation and ethical ideologies. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(3), 313–320.
Chonko, L. B., Wotruba, T. R., & Loe, T. W. (2002). Direct Selling Ethics at the Top: An Industry Audit and Status Re-port. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 22, 87–95.
Choo, J., & Bae, J. (2016). An analysis of the structure relationship of organizational cultlure, organizational justice, em-powerment and organizational effectiveness using structural equation models. Crisisonomy, 12(9), 39-55
Constandt, B., De Waegeneer, E., & Willem, A. (2019). Ethical Code Effectiveness in Football Clubs: A Longitudinal Anal-ysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 156, 621–634.
Costello, A.B. & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. 10, 1-9.
Craft, J. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004–2011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), 221–259.
Cui, C. C., Mitchell, V., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Cornwell, B. (2005). Measuring consumers’ ethical position in Austria, Britain, Brunei, Hong Kong, and USA. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(1), 57–71.
Davis, M. A., Anderson, M. G., Curtis, M. B. (2001). Measuring ethical ideology in business ethics: A critical analysis of the Ethics Position Questionnaire. Journal of Business Ethics, 32, 35-53.
DeBode, J.D., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S., & Walker, A.G. (2013). Assessing Ethical Organizational Culture: Refine-ment of a Scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 49(4), 460–484.
Dimanche, F, Havitz, M.E. & Howard, D.R. (1991). Testing the involvement profile (IP) scale in the context of selected recreational and touristic activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 51-66.
Donaldson, T., & Walsh, J. P. (2015). Toward a theory of business. Research in Organizational Behavior, 35, 181-207.
Eastman, J. K., Eastman, K. K., & Tolson, M. A. (2001). The Relationship Between Ethical Ideology and Ethical Behavior Intentions: An Exploratory Look at Physicians’ Responses to Managed Care Dilemmas. Journal of Business Ethics, 31, 209–224.
Field, A. (2013) Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: And Sex and Drugs and Rock “N” Roll. 4th Edition, Sage, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi.
Fornell, C. D., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation models with Unobservable Variables and Measure-ment Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Forsyth, D. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39, 175-184.
Forsyth, D. K. (1981). Moral judgment: The influence of ethical ideology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(2), 218-223.
Forsyth, D. R. (1985). Individual differences in information integration during moral judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49(1), 264-272.
Forsyth, D. R. (1992). Judging the Morality of Business Practices: The Influence of Personal Moral Philosophies. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 461-470.
Forsyth, D.R., O’Boyle, E.H. & McDaniel, M.A. (2008). East meets West: A meta-analytic investigation of cultural varia-tions in Idealism & Relativism. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 813-833, doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9667-6
Freiesleben, J., & Pohl, T. (2004). Quality: An ethical inquiry. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 15(9-10), 1209-1216.
García-Fernández, J., Gálvez-Ruiz, P., Vélez-Colon, L., Ortega-Gutiérrez, J. & Fernández-Gavira, J. (2018). Exploring fitness center consumer loyalty: differences of non-profit and low-cost business models in Spain. Economic Research, 31(1), 1042-1058, https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1436455
Giammarco, E. A. (2016). The measurement of individual differences in morality. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 26–34.
Glaveli, N., Papadimitriou, D., Karagiorgos, T. & Alexandris, K. (2023). Exploring the role of fitness instructors’ interac-tion quality skills in building customer trust in the service provider and customer satisfaction, European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(3), 767-788, doi: 10.1080/16184742.2021.1928256
Greene, J. & Haidt, J. (2002). How (and where) does moral judgement work? Trhends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(12), 517-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02011-9
Gómez Chávez, L. F. J., López-Haro, J., Pelayo-Zavalza, A. R., & Aguirre-Rodríguez, L. E. . (2023). National Survey of Fitness Trends in Mexico for 2023. Retos, 48, 619–629. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.97475
Hartikainen, O., & Torstila, S. (2004). Job-related ethical judgment in the finance profession. Journal of Applied Finance, 14(1), 62-76.
Hastings, S. & Finegan, J., (2011). The Role of Ethical Ideology in Reactions to Injustice. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 4, 689-703
Hatcher, T. (2004). Environmental ethics as an alternative for evaluation theory in for-profit business contexts. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27(3), 357-363.
Ho, F.N., Vitell, S.J., Barnes, J.H. et al. (1997). Ethical correlates of role conflict and ambiguity in marketing: The mediat-ing role of cognitive moral development. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894347
Hums, M., Barr, C. & Gullion, L. (1999). The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 20, 51-66.
Hunt, S.D., Wood, V.R., & Chonko, L. B. (1989). Corporate Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment in Market-ing. Journal of Marketing, 53(3), 79–90.
Ibaibarriaga T.Á., & Tejero-González, C. M. (2020). What is professors´ opinion when they receive training on the Person-al and Social Responsibility Model? A study. Retos, 37, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.68440
Jackson, J. E. (2005). Varimax rotation. Encyclopedia of biostatistics, 8, https://doi.org/10.1002/0470011815.b2a13091
Johari, R., Mohd-Sanusi, Z. & Ismail, A. (2012). Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Ethical Orientation Scale. Asian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 3, 1-11, doi: 10.17576/ajag-2012-3-6511.
Kaptein, M. (2019). The moral entrepreneur: A new component of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 1135–1150.
Lagrosen, S., & Lagrosen, Y. (2007). Exploring service quality in the health and fitness industry. Managing Service Quality, 17(1), 41–53.Lam, C., & Yao, Q. (2012). Factor modeling for high-dimensional time series: Inference for the number of factors. Annals of Statistics, 40(2), 694-726.
Levine, T. R., Park, H. S., & McCornack, S. A. (1999). Accuracy in detecting truths and lies: Documenting the “veracity effect”. Communications Monographs, 66(2), 125-144, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376468
MacNab, Y.C., Malloy, D.C., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Sevigny, P.R., McCarthy, E.F., Murakami, M., … & Liu, P.L. (2011). Idealism and Relativism Across Cultures: A Cross-Cultural Examination of Physicians’ Responses on the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(7), 1272–1278.
McDaniel, S. R., Kinney, L., & Chalip, L. (2001). A cross-cultural investigation of the ethical dimensions of alcohol and tobacco sports sponsorships. Teaching Business Ethics, 5, 307–330.
Murphy, N. M., & Bauman, A. (2007). Mass Sporting and Physical Activity Events—Are They “Bread and Circuses” or Public Health Interventions to Increase Population Levels of Physical Activity?, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 4(2), 193-202.
Musbah, A., Cowton, C.J. & Tyfa, D. (2016). The Role of Individual Variables, Organizational Variables and Moral Inten-sity Dimensions in Libyan Management Accountants’ Ethical Decision Making. Journal of Business Ethics, 134, 335–358.
Norman, W. (2011). Business Ethics as Self-Regulation: Why Principles that Ground Regulations Should Be Used to Ground Beyond-Compliance Norms as Well. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(Suppl 1), 43–57.
O'Boyle, E. H., & Forsyth, D. R. (2021). Individual differences in ethics positions: The EPQ-5. PLoS One, 16(6), e0251989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251989
Parent, M.M. and Deephouse, D.L. (2007) A Case Study of Stakeholder Identification and Prioritization by Managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 75, 1-23.
Pater, A., & Van Gils, A. (2003). Stimulating ethical decision-making in a business context: effects of ethical and profes-sional codes. European Management Journal, 21(6), 762-772, doi:10.1016/j.emj.2003.09.016
Randall, D.M., Gibson, A.M. (1990). Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 457–471.
Ruegger, D., and E. King. 1992. A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 179-186.
Sanabria Navarro, J. R., Silveira Pérez, Y., Guillén Pereira, L., & Rosero Duque, M. F. (2020). Trust management in Sports Gyms. Retos, 37, 100–107. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.71000
Schein, V. E. (1985). Organizational realities: The politics of change. Training & Development Journal, 39(2), 37–41.
Schlenker, B. R., & Forsyth, D. R. (1977). On the ethics of psychological research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(4), 369–396
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Serwinek, P. (1992). Demographic and related differences in ethical views among small businesses. Journal of Business Ethics 11 (7): 556-566
Shafer, W., R. Morris, and A. Ketchand. 2001. Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 14(3), 254-277
Sharkey, M., & Gash, H. (2020). Teachers’ Constructivist and Ethical Beliefs. Behavioral Sciences, 10(6), 96.
Sherry, E., Shilbury, D., & Wood, G. (2007). Wrestling with “conflict of interest” in sport management. Corporate Govern-ance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 7(3), 267-277.
Shi, D., Lee, T., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2019). Understanding the Model Size Effect on SEM Fit Indices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(2), 310–334.
Singhapakdi, A. (1999). Perceived Importance of Ethics and Ethical Decisions in Marketing. Journal of Business Research, 45(1), 89-99
Singhapakdi, A., & Vitell, S. (1994). Ethical ideologies of future marketers: the relative influences of machiavellianism and gender. Journal of Marketing Education, 16(1), 34-42.
Stylianidis, S., & Souliotis, K. (2019). The impact of the long-lasting socioeconomic crisis in Greece. British Journal of Psychi-atry International, 16(1), 16–18.
Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617.
Tsitskari E., Tzetzis G. & Batrakoulis A. (2021). The Fitness Sector in Greece: Business Models and Marketing Perspectives. In Jerónimo García-Fernández & Pablo Gálvez-Ruiz, Editors. The Global Private Health & Fitness Business: A Marketing Per-spective. Emerald Publishing
Tsitskari, E., & Batrakoulis, A. (2022a). To Become Digital or Not… The Case of Greece. In M. Kim, A. Walker, & B. G. Kim (Eds.), The Digital Transformation of the Fitness Sector: A Global Perspective (pp. 31-37). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Tsitskari, E., & Batrakoulis, A. (2022b). Investigating the marketing strategies of the health and fitness sector in Greece; the managers’ perspective. Retos, 43, 264–273. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.88880
Tsitskari, E., Quick, S. & Tsakiraki, A. (2014). Measuring exercise involvement among fitness centers’ members: Is it re-lated with their satisfaction? Services Marketing Quarterly, 35(4), 372-389, doi: 10.1080/15332969.2014.946881
Tsitskari, E., Fragkou, M., Alexandris, K., & Matsouka, O. (2023). Body image assessment of fitness centers´ members & behavioral intentions: can we actually achieve members´ retention?. Retos, 49, 270–278. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.98121
Veiga, O. L., Romero-Caballero, A., Valcarce-Torrente, M., Kercher, V. M., & Thompson, W. (2022). Evolution of Span-ish and Worldwide fitness trends: a five-year analysis Retos, 43, 388–397. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89033
Vitell, S. & Festervand, T. (1987). Business Ethics: Conflicts, Practices and Beliefs of Industrial Executives. Journal of Busi-ness Ethics, 6, 111–122.
Vitell, S.J., Rallapalli, K.C. & Singhapakdi, A. (1993). Marketing norms: The influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical culture. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21, 331.
Vlachopoulos, S.P., Ntoumanis, N. & Smith, A.L. (2010). The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale: Translation and Evidence for Cross-cultural Validity. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 8(4),394-412Walker, M., Hills, S., & Heere, B. (2017). Evaluating a Socially Responsible Employment Program: Beneficiary Impacts and Stakeholder Perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 143(1), 53-70.
Waters, J. A., & Bird, F. (1987). The Moral Dimension of Organizational Culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(1), 15–22.
Wines, W. A., & Hamilton, J. B. (2009). On changing organizational cultures by injecting new ideologies: The power of stories. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(3), 433-447.
Zakus, D.H., Cruise Mally, D., & Edwards A. (2007). Critical and ethical thinking in sport management: Philosophical rationales and examples of methods. Sport Management Review, 10(2), 133-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70008-6
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
