La orejuela izquierda como fuente de accidentes cerebrovasculares: cerrar (y cómo), o no cerrar (y por qué)
Palabras clave:
Fibrilación auricular. Oclusión. Orejuela izquierda. Accidente cerebrovascular. Aanticoagulantes.Resumen
La orejuela izquierda se considera la principal fuente de émbolos en los accidentes cerebrovasculares que se producen en pacientes con fibrilación auricular. El tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales reduce significativamente el riesgo de accidentes embólicos cerebrales en relación con la aspirina, pero se asocia a riesgo de complicaciones hemorrágicas, por lo que no siempre son utilizados. Se ha descrito que el cierre de la orejuela izquierda reduce la tasa de accidentes tromboembólicos y en la actualidad se recomienda en pacientes en fibrilación auricular sometidos a cirugía mitral, pero la formación de émbolos en estos pacientes puede deberse a otras causas, y la implicación de la orejuela podría ser menor de la que se presupone. Además, no todos los pacientes son candidatos para la anticoagulación oral, y no todos se mantienen en un rango terapéutico adecuado, lo que podría justificar la formación de trombos auriculares. Existen diversos métodos para el cierre de la orejuela: sutura directa, exclusión epicárdica mediante grapadora o clip, u oclusión mediante los recientes dispositivos endovasculares de aplicación percutánea. Pero, según la bibliografía, la efectividad de estos métodos para ocluir completamente la orejuela, así como su seguridad y eficacia para la prevención de accidentes embólicos cerebrales, pueden presentar resultados dispares. Para aumentar la controversia, algunos métodos de cierre con sutura no revelan un claro beneficio e, incluso, en algunos se describe un aumento del riesgo de tromboembolismo. Se presenta una revisión sobre la necesidad de cierre de la orejuela izquierda para la prevención de accidentes vasculares cerebrales, así como los diversos procedimientos descritos.Descargas
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