Gender stereotypes and differential treatment between boys and girls in physical education subject: a narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.88685Keywords:
Narrative review, gender stereotypes, primary school, secondary school, physical educationAbstract
This narrative review tries to investigate whether exists gender stereotypes in Physical Education (PE), both at Primary School (PS) and Secondary School (SS) levels. A compilation and analysis of 33 studies found in five databases have been reviewed (SPORTDISCUS, SCIELO, DIALNET, REDALYC and GOOGLE SCHOLAR). The majority of the reviewed evidence is from the Spanish context, although our review is also integrated some international references. Therefore, possible sources of transmission of stereotypes in this field were identified and analyzed, by establishing categories. The state of the art showed the existence of inequalities and discrimination towards girls in PE sessions, therefore, the need to promote the training in coeducational matters, mainly of physical education teachers, is more than warranted. Collectively, an intervention using specific pedagogical models would remain as a main future perspective to treat gender inequalities or stereotypes in PE lessons.
References
Alvariñas, M., & Novoa, A. (2015). Pensamientos relacionados con la actividad física y el género en adolescentes de Galicia. Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 2(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2016.2.1.1439
Ariel, P. (2004). Juntos pero no revueltos: la educación física mixta en clave de género. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 34(121), 59–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-15742004000100004
Blández, J., Fernández, E., & Sierra, M. (2007). Estereotipos de género, actividad física y escuela: la perspectiva del alumnado. Profesorado. Revista de Currículum y Formación Del Profesorado, 11(2), 21.
Bravo, M., & Carazo, P. (2018). Estereotipos de Género hacia la Actividad Física según Sexo, Grado Escolar y Región. ATHLOS. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales de La Actividad Física, El Juego y El Deporte, 15, 90–108. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6583499
Butler, J. (2016). Playing Fair: Using Student-invented Games to Prevent Bullying, Teach Democracy, and Promote Social Justice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic.
Cabello, A., Moyano, M., & Tabernero, C. (2017). Procesos psicosociales en Educación Física: actitudes, estrategias y clima motivacional percibido (Psychosocial processes in Physical Education: attitudes, strategies, and perceived motivational climate). Retos, (34), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.57668
Calderón, A., De Ojeda, D. M., & Hastie, P. A. (2013). Students and teachers’ perception after practice with two pedagogical models in physical education. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, IX(32), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2013.03204
Carcamo-Oyarzun, J., Wydra, G., Hernandez-Mosqueira, C., & Martinez-Salazar, C. (2017). Actitudes hacia la educación física: Grados de importancia y conformidad según escolares de Chile y Alemania. Una mirada intercultural (Attitudes towards physical education: Degrees of importance and conformance among schoolchildren in Chile and Germany. Retos, 2041(32), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i32.52824
Castejón, F. J., & Giménez, F. J. (2015). Teachers’ perceptions of physical education content and influences on gender differences. Motriz. Revista de Educacao Fisica, 21(4), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742015000400006
Cervelló, E., Del Villar, F., Jiménez, R., Ramos, L., & Blázquez, F. (2003). Clima motivacional en el aula, criterios de éxito de los discentes y percepción de igualdad de trato en función del género en las clases de educación física. Enseñanza, 21, 379–395.
Cervelló, E. M., Jiménez, R., Del Villar, F., Ramos, L., & Santos-Rosa, F. J. (2004). Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate, Equality, and Discipline of Spanish Physical Education Students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99(4), 271. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.99.4.271-283
Chaput, J. P., Willumsen, J., Bull, F., Chou, R., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., … Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2020). 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: summary of the evidence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z
Del Castillo, Ó., & Corral, J. A. (2011). The teacher’s role in gender discrimination: The use of feedback. Cultura y Educacion, 23(4), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1174/113564011798392415
Derry, J. A., & Phillips, D. A. (2004). Comparisons of selected student and teacher variables in all-girls and coeducational physical education environments. The Physical Educator, 61(1), 23–34.
Dwyer, J. J., Allison, K. R., Goldenberg, E. R., & Fein, A. J. (2006). Adolescent girls’perceived barriers to participation in physical activity. Adolescence, 41(161), 75–89.
Fairclough, S. J., Dumuid, D., Mackintosh, K. A., Stone, G., Dagger, R., Stratton, G., … Boddy, L. M. (2018). Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children’s school day activity behaviours: A compositional data analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 11(July), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.07.011
Fairclough, S., & Stratton, G. (2005). “Physical education makes you fit and healthy”. Physical education’s contribution to young people’s physical activity levels. Health Education Research, 20(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg101
Feu-Molina, S. (2008). ¿Son los juegos deportivos alternativos una posibilidad para favorecer la coeducación en las clases de Educación Física? Campo Abierto. Revista de Educación, 27(2), 31–47.
Flintoff, A. (2011). Gender and learning in physical education and youth sport. In Sport pedagogy: An introduction for teaching and coaching (pp. 202–213). London: Routledge.
Flintoff, A., & Scraton, S. (2001). Stepping into Active Leisure? Young Women’s Perceptions of Active Lifestyles and their Experiences of School Physical Education. Sport, Education and Society, 6(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/713696043
Gil-Madrona, P., Valdivia-Moral, P., González-Víllora, S., & Zagalaz-Sánchez, M. L. (2017). Percepciones y comportamientos de discriminación sexual en la práctica de ejercicio físico entre los hombres y mujeres preadolescentes en el tiempo de ocio. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 26(2), 81–86.
Gil, P., Cuevas, R., Contreras, O. R., & Díaz, A. (2012). Educación Física y hábitos de vida activa: percepciones de los adolescentes y relación con el abandono deportivo. Educación Física y Hábitos de Vida Activa: Percepciones de Los Adolescentes y Relación Con El Abandono Deportivo, 40(3), 115–124.
Gómez, A., Gámez, S., & Martínez, I. (2011). Efectos Del Género Y La Etapa Educativa Del Estudiante Sobre La Satisfacción Y La Desmotivación En Educación Física Durante La Educación Obligatoria. Ágora, 13(2), 183–196. Retrieved from https://www5.uva.es/agora/revista/13_2/agora13_2c_gomez_et_al
González-Palomares, A., Táboas-Pais, M. I., & Rey-Cao, A. (2017). La cultura corporal en función del género: Análisis de los libros de texto de educación física de secundaria publicados durante la ley orgánica de educación. Educacion XX1, 20(1), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.5944/educXX1.13980
Hatten, J., Hannon, J., Holt, B., & Ratliffe, T. (2006). Male and female adolescent student’s attitudes toward physical activity in co-gender and segregated physical education classes. International Journal of Fitness, 2, 1–6.
Hickey, C. (2008). Physical education, sport and hyper-masculinity in schools. Sport, Education and Society, 13(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320801957061
Jaakkola, T., John Wang, C. K., Soini, M., & Liukkonen, J. (2015). Students’ perceptions of motivational climate and enjoyment in finnish physical education: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 14(3), 477–483.
Jiménez, R., Cervelló, E., García, T., Santos-Rosa, F. J., & Iglesias, D. (2007). El género como variable moduladora de la orientación disposicional, percepción del clima motivacional, percepción de igualdad de trato y comportamientos de disciplina de los discentes en las clases de educación física. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Del Ejercicio y El Deporte, 2(1), 13–24.
Kirkham-King, M., Brusseau, T. A., Hannon, J. C., Castelli, D. M., Hilton, K., & Burns, R. D. (2017). Elementary physical education: A focus on fitness activities and smaller class sizes are associated with higher levels of physical activity. Preventive Medicine Reports, 8(September), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.09.007
Kremer, M. M., Reichert, F. F., & Hallal, P. C. (2012). Intensity and duration of physical efforts in Physical Education classes. Revista de Saude Publica, 46(2), 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102012005000014
Lago-Ballesteros, J., Navarro-Patón, R., & Peixoto-Pino, L. (2018). Pensamiento y actitudes del alumnado de 4o, 5o y 6o de Educación Primaria hacia la asignatura y el maestro de Educación Física. Sportis Sci J, 4(2), 349–363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2018.4.2.2121
Lleixà, T., Soler, S., & Serra, P. (2020). Perspectiva de género en la formación de maestras y maestros de Educación Física. Retos, 37, 634–642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.74253
Martínez, J., Contreras, O. R., Aznar, S., & Lera, Á. (2012). Niveles de actividad física medido con acelerómetro en alumnos de 3° ciclo de Educació Primaria: Actividad física diaria y sesiones de Educación Física. Revista de Psicologia Del Deporte, 21(1), 117–123.
Mašanović, B. (2019). Gender and age differences in attitudes of Serbian pupils toward Physical Education lessons and their preferences regarding organisation of teaching methodology. Croatian Journal of Education - Hrvatski Časopis Za Odgoj i Obrazovanje, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v21i1.3440
Mayorga-Vega, D., Parra, M., & Viciana, J. (2019). Niveles objetivos de actividad física durante las clases de Educación Física en estudiantes chilenos usando acelerometría (Objectively measured physical activity levels during Physical Education lessons in Chilean students using accelerometry). Retos, 2041(37), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.69238
Monforte, J., & Úbeda-Colomer, J. (2019). ‘Como una chica’: un estudio provocativo sobre estereotipos de género en educación física. Retos, 37, 74–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6zdd08.46
Moreno, J. A., Alonso, N., Martínez, C., Cervelló, E., & Ruiz, L. M. (2008). Motivation, disciplined behaviour, equal treatment and dispositional flow in physical education students. The Journal of International Social Research, 1(4), 446–466.
Moreno, J. A., Hellín, P., & Hellín, M. G. (2006). Pensamiento del alumno sobre la educación física según la edad. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 3(85), 28–35.
Mosteiro, M. J., & Porto, A. M. (2017). Analyses of Gender Stereotypes in Vocational Education students: Differences according to sex, age and grade [Análisis de los Estereotipos de Género en alumnado de Formación Profesional: Diferencias según sexo, edad y grado]. Revista de Investigacion Educativa, 35(1), 151–165.
Moya-Mata, I., Ros, C., Bastida, A., & Menescardi, C. (2013). Sex and race stereotypes in images of textbooks in primary physical education. Retos, (23), 14–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i23.34560
Moya-Mata, I., Sanchís, L. R., & Ros, C. R. (2017). Análisis de las portadas de los libros de texto de Educación Física en Primaria. Estudios Pedagogicos, 43(1), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052017000100014
Nicaise, V., Cogérino, G., Bois, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2006). Students’ perceptions of teacher feedback and physical competence in physical education classes: Gender effects. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25(1), 36–57. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.25.1.36
Nicaise, V., Cogérino, G., Fairclough, S., Bois, J., & Davis, K. (2007). Teacher feedback and interactions in physical education: Effects of student gender and physical activities. European Physical Education Review, 13(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X07081799
Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., Sánchez-Oliva, A., Sánchez-Blanchart, J., & Martínez-Martínez, J. (2019). Estereotipos de género en las clases de educación física. SPORT TK: Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 8(2), 23–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.401071
Pérez-Curiel, A., & López-Crespo, C. (2013). Las interacciones del profesorado desde la perspectiva de género. Un estudio cualitativo. Tándem. Didáctica de La Educación Física, (41), 30–40.
Prewitt, S., Hannon, J., Brusseau, T., Newton, M., Shaw, J., & Summerhays, J. (2013). Effect of Female Only Versus Coed Physical Education Classes on Social Physique Anxiety in 7th Grade girls. International Journal of Secondary Education, 1(5), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.20130105.13
Ramos-Nateras, F., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2014). Intervención para la reducción de la discriminación por sexo en las clases de educación física según los contenidos y agrupamientos utilizados. Revista Española de Educación Física y Deportes: REEFD, 0(404), 27–38.
Ramos, F., & Videra, A. (2011). Influencia del feedback específico y socioafectivo sobre la discriminación de género en las clases de educación física. Wanceulen: Educación Física Digital, 8, 15–24. Recuperado de http://www.wanceulen.com/revista/index.html
Rebollo-Catalán, Á., Ruiz-Pinto, E., & García-Pérez, R. (2017). Relationship preferences in adolescence according to gender. Revista Electronica de Investigacion Educativa, 19(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.24320/redie.2017.19.1.1022
Recio, P., Cuadrado, I., & Ramos, E. (2007). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Detección de Sexismo en Adolescentes (DSA). Psicothema, 19(3), 522–528.
Rink, J. (2006). Teaching physical education for learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rodríguez, D., Martínez, M. J., & Mateos, C. (2005). Identidad y estereotipos de la mujer en el deporte: una aproximación a la evolución histórica. Revista de Investigación En Educación, 2, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1159/000114839
Ruiz-Rabadán, S., & Moya-Mata, I. (2020). Las deportistas olímpicas en los libros de texto de educación física: ¿presencia o ausencia de referentes en nuestro alumnado? Retos, (38), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.74833
Sánchez-Alvarez, I., Rodríguez-Menéndez, C., & García-Pérez, O. (2020). Physical education in primary education: Space for the construction of masculinity and femininity. Retos, 83(2012), 143–150.
Sánchez, N., Martos-Garcia, D., & López, A. (2017). Las mujeres en los materiales curriculares: el caso de dos libros de texto de educación física (Women in curriculum materials: the case of two physical education textbooks). Retos, 2041(32), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i32.49344
Schmalz, D. L., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2006). Girlie girls and manly men: Children’s stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), 536–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950091
Serra, P, Cantallops, J., Palou, P., & Soler, S. (2020). ¿Siguen existiendo los estereotipos de género en la Educación Física? La visión de las adolescentes. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 12, 179–192.
Serra, Pedrona, Rey-Cao, A., Camacho–Miñano, M. J., & Soler-Prat, S. (2021). The gendered social representation of physical education and sport science higher education in Spain. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1879768
Soler-Prat, S. (2006). Actitudes y relaciones de niñas y niños ante contenidos de la Educación Física de primaria estereotipados por el género: el caso del fútbol. Colección ICD: Investigación En Ciencias Del Deporte, (46).
Stelzer, J., Ernest, J. M., Fenster, M. J., & Langford, G. (2004). Attitudes toward Physical Education: A Study of High School Students from Four Countries-Austria, Czech Republic, England, and USA. College Student Journal, 38(2).
Stride, A., & Flintoff, A. (2017). Girls, physical education and feminist praxis. The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism and Sport, Leisure and Physical Education, 855–869. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53318-0_54
Táboas, M. I., & Rey, A. I. (2011). Las imágenes de los libros de texto de educación física: percepción y opinión del alumnado. Tándem: Didáctica de La Educación Física, (36), 103–112.
Valley, J. A., & Graber, K. C. (2017). Gender-biased communication in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36(4), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0160
With-Nielsen, N., & Pfister, G. (2011). Gender constructions and negotiations in physical education: Case studies. Sport, Education and Society, 16(5), 645–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.601145
Zueck, M. C., Ramírez, A. A., Rodríguez, J. M., & Irigoyen, H. E. (2019). Satisfacción en las clases de Educación Física y la intencionalidad de ser activo en niños del nivel de primaria (Satisfaction in the Physical Education classroom and intention to be physically active in Primary school children). Retos, (37), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.69027
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Diego Arenas Arroyo, Josep Vidal-Conti, Adrià Muntaner-Mas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.