Guía para el diseño de programas de intervención en población con obesidad: Documento de Posicionamiento del Grupo Ejercicio Físico de la Sociedad Española de Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO) (Guide for designing intervention programs for populations with obesity: Positioning Document by the Physical Exercise Group of the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity (SEEDO))
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99282Palabras clave:
Posicionamiento, Ejercicio Físico, Obesidad, Planificación, Entrenamiento, PrescripciónResumen
El presente documento de posicionamiento del grupo de trabajo de ejercicio físico de la Sociedad Española de Estudios de la Obesidad tiene como objetivo establecer pautas claras para el diseño y aplicación de programas de ejercicio en población con obesidad. En el primer apartado, se identifican las limitaciones respecto a la investigación en intervención con programas de actividad física y ejercicio en población con obesidad, lo que justifica la necesidad de establecer un marco claro para la planificación y programación del entrenamiento en esta población. En el segundo apartado, se aborda la planificación del programa de ejercicio. En este sentido, se presentan los objetivos y procesos operativos en la planificación del programa, que incluyen desde la valoración del paciente con obesidad y la clasificación del nivel del paciente. Posteriormente, el posicionamiento se centra en la programación del entrenamiento estableciendo las pautas para la temporalización de los ciclos de intervención. el diseño de las sesiones de entrenamiento y los criterios generales para la selección de ejercicios, la frecuencia semanal, el volumen, la intensidad, la recuperación intrasesión y la organización y distribución de los ejercicios. El siguiente apartado se centra en las indicaciones y contraindicaciones (absolutas y relativas) de la actividad física y el ejercicio en pacientes con obesidad, lo que permite identificar las situaciones en las que es necesario extremar las precauciones y ajustar el programa de intervención. Por último, en el apartado de perspectivas de futuro en las intervenciones en obesidad y ejercicio, se destaca la importancia de la investigación continua en el área del ejercicio físico y la obesidad, incluyendo las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas al entrenamiento y los efectos del ejercicio junto con el tratamiento farmacológico. En definitiva, el documento de posicionamiento presentado constituye una guía esencial para los profesionales de la salud en el diseño y aplicación de programas de actividad física y ejercicio en población con obesidad.
Palabras clave: Actividad Física, Valoración, Carga, Planificación, Prescripción, Entrenamiento.
Abstract. The aim of this position statement paper of the exercise working group of the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity (SEEDO for its initials in Spanish) aims to establish clear guidelines for the design and application of exercise programs in the obese population. In the first section, we identify the limitations regarding intervention research with physical activity and exercise programs in the obese population, which justifies the need to establish a clear framework for the planning and programming of training in this population. In the second section, the planning of the exercise program is addressed. In this sense, the objectives, and operative processes in the planning of the program are presented, which include the assessment of the patient with obesity and the classification of the patient's level. Subsequently, the positioning focuses on the training programming, establishing the guidelines for the timing of the intervention cycles, the design of the training sessions and the general criteria for the selection of exercises, weekly frequency, volume, intensity, intrasession recovery and the organization and distribution of the exercises. The following section focuses on the indications and contraindications (absolute and relative) of physical activity and exercise in patients with obesity, which allows us to identify the situations in which it is necessary to take extreme precautions and adjust the intervention program. Finally, in the section on future perspectives on obesity and exercise interventions, the importance of continuous research in the area of physical exercise and obesity is highlighted, including new technologies applied to training and the effects of exercise together with pharmacological treatment. In short, the position paper presented is an essential guide for health professionals in the design and implementation of physical activity and exercise programs in the obese population.
Keywords: Physical Activity, Assessment, Load, Periodization, Prescription, Training.
Citas
Astrand, P. O., & Saltin, B. (1961). Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscular activity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 16, 977–981. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPL.1961.16.6.977
Batrakoulis, A., Jamurtas, A. Z., Metsios, G. S., Perivoliotis, K., Liguori, G., Feito, Y., Riebe, D., Thompson, W. R., Angelopoulos, T. J., Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Draganidis, D., Poulios, A., & Fatouros, I. G. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of 5 Exercise Types on Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 81 Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 15(6), E008243. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008243
Bellido Guerrero, D., López de la Torre Casares, M., Monereo Megías, S., & Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad. (2022). Obesidad: una enfermedad crónica. Panamericana.
Benito, P. J., Alfaro-Magallanes, V. M., Rael, B., Castro, E. A., Romero-Parra, N., Rojo-Tirado, M. A., & Peinado, A. B. (2023). Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on the Recovery Process of High-Intensity Interval Exercise-A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20043266
Benito, P. J., Bermejo, L. M., Peinado, A. B., López-Plaza, B., Cupeiro, R., Szendrei, B., Calderón, F. J., Castro, E. A., & Gómez-Candela, C. (2015). Change in weight and body composition in obese subjects following a hypocaloric diet plus different training programs or physical activity recommendations. Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(8), 1006–1013. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00928.2014
Benito Peinado, P. J., Álvarez Sánchez, M., Díaz Molina, V., Peinado Lozano, A. B., & Calderón Montero, F. J. (2010). Aerobic energy expenditure and intensity prediction during a specific circuit weight training: a pilot study. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, ISSN-e 1988-5202, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010, Págs. 134-145, 5(2), 134–145. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3225283&info=resumen&idioma=ENG
Bianchettin, R. G., Lavie, C. J., & Lopez-Jimenez, F. (2023). Challenges in Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Obese Patients: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 81(5), 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2022.11.031
Bond, V., Curry, B. H., Kumar, K., Pemminati, S., Gorantla, V. R., Kadur, K., & Millis, R. M. (2017). Restricted blood flow exercise in sedentary, overweight African-American females may increase muscle strength and decrease endothelial function and vascular autoregulation. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 20(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.002
Brame, J., Centner, C., Berg, N., Bartlam, M., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2022). Effects of a 12-Week Web-Based Weight Loss Program for Adults With Overweight and Obesity on COVIDAge and Lifestyle-Related Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2022.868255
Candón Liñán, Á., Sánchez Oliver, A., Galancho Reina, I., Suárez Carmona, W., & González Jurado, J. A. (2016). Ejercicio físico, obesidad e inflamación. EmásF: Revista Digital de Educación Física, ISSN 1989-8304, No. 41, 2016, Págs. 65-82, 41, 65–82. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5558014
Davies, T. B., Tran, D. L., Hogan, C. M., Haff, G. G., & Latella, C. (2021). Chronic Effects of Altering Resistance Training Set Configurations Using Cluster Sets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 51(4), 707–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-020-01408-3
de la Mata, I. (2018). European Commission action on digital health. European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_4), cky213-012.
do Nascimento, J. A., Silva, C. C., Dos Santos, H. H., de Almeida Ferreira, J. J., & de Andrade, P. R. (2017). A preliminary study of static and dynamic balance in sedentary obese young adults: the relationship between BMI, posture and postural balance. Clinical Obesity, 7(6), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12209
Dogra, S., Copeland, J. L., Altenburg, T. M., Heyland, D. K., Owen, N., & Dunstan, D. W. (2022). Start with reducing sedentary behavior: A stepwise approach to physical activity counseling in clinical practice. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(6), 1353–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEC.2021.09.019
Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., & Smith, B. K. (2009). Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Vol. 41, Issue 2, pp. 459–471). Med Sci Sports Exerc. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181949333
Faigenbaum, A. D., & McFarland, J. E. (2023). Developing Resistance Training Skill Literacy in Youth. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2146610, 94(2), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2146610
Frühbeck, G., Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Yumuk, V., Goossens, G. H., Hebebrand, J., Halford, J. G. C., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., Blaak, E. E., Woodward, E., & Toplak, H. (2019). The ABCD of Obesity: An EASO Position Statement on a Diagnostic Term with Clinical and Scientific Implications. Obesity Facts, 12(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497124
Fukumoto, Y., Taniguchi, M., Hirono, T., Yagi, M., Yamagata, M., Nakai, R., Asai, T., Yamada, Y., Kimura, M., & Ichihashi, N. (2022). Influence of ultrasound focus depth on the association between echo intensity and intramuscular adipose tissue. Muscle & Nerve, 66(5), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1002/MUS.27677
Fyfe, J. J., Hamilton, D. L., & Daly, R. M. (2022). Minimal-Dose Resistance Training for Improving Muscle Mass, Strength, and Function: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Practical Considerations. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 52(3), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-021-01605-8
García Almeida, J. M., García García, C., Bellido Castañeda, V., Bellido Guerrero, D., García Almeida, J. M., García García, C., Bellido Castañeda, V., & Bellido Guerrero, D. (2018). Nuevo enfoque de la nutrición. Valoración del estado nutricional del paciente: función y composición corporal. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 35(SPE3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20960/NH.2027
Gellish, R. L., Goslin, B. R., Olson, R. E., McDonald, A., Russi, G. D., & Moudgil, V. K. (2007). Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(5), 822–829. https://doi.org/10.1097/mss.0b013e31803349c6
Gilmore, L. A., Duhé, A. F., Frost, E. A., & Redman, L. M. (2014). The technology boom: A new era in obesity management. In Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 596–608). Diabetes Technology Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296814525189
Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J., & Ribas-Serna, J. (2019). Fuerza, velocidad y rendimiento físico y deportivo (1st ed.). Librerías deportivas Esteban Sanz S.L.
Gronwald, T., Törpel, A., Herold, F., & Budde, H. (2020). Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/JFMK5030048
Halperin, I., & Emanuel, A. (2020). Rating of Perceived Effort: Methodological Concerns and Future Directions. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 50(4), 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-019-01229-Z
Hamasaki, H. (2018). Exercise and glucagon-like peptide-1: Does exercise potentiate the effect of treatment? World Journal of Diabetes, 9(8), 138–140. https://doi.org/10.4239/WJD.V9.I8.138
Heredia, J. R., Isidro, F., Moral, S., Roig, J., & Molins, A. (2011). Sobrepeso/obesidad y ejercicio físico. Wanceulen.
Heredia, J. R., & Peña, G. (2019). Entrenamiento de la fuerza para la mejora de la salud y la condición física. Círculo Rojo.
Hopps, E., & Caimi, G. (2011). Exercise in obesity management. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51(2), 275–282.
Hsu, K. J., Liao, C. De, Tsai, M. W., & Chen, C. N. (2019). Effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on body composition, metabolic health, and physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity: A meta-analysis. In Nutrients (Vol. 11, Issue 9, p. 2163). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092163
Issurin, V. B. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 40(3), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000
Jastreboff, A. M., Kotz, C. M., Kahan, S., Kelly, A. S., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2019). Obesity as a Disease: The Obesity Society 2018 Position Statement. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 27(1), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/OBY.22378
Julian, V., Thivel, D., Costes, F., Touron, J., Boirie, Y., Pereira, B., Perrault, H., Duclos, M., & Richard, R. (2018). Eccentric training improves body composition by inducing mechanical and metabolic adaptations: A promising approach for overweight and obese individuals. In Frontiers in Physiology (Vol. 9, Issue AUG). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01013
Karabulut, M., & Garcia, S. D. (2017). Hemodynamic responses and energy expenditure during blood flow restriction exercise in obese population. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 37(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12258
Karvonen, M. J., Kentala, E., & Mustala, O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae, 35(3), 307–315. https://europepmc.org/article/med/13470504
Kay, A. D., Baxter, B. A., Hill, M. W., & Blazevich, A. J. (2023). Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Lower-Limb Passive Joint Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 55(4), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003085
Kayser, B., & Verges, S. (2021). Hypoxia, energy balance, and obesity: An update. Obesity Reviews, 22(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13192
Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2019). Physiology of sport and exercise (7a Edición). Human Kinetics.
Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2021). Physiology of Sport and Exercise (8o). Human Kinetics. https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=XoZGEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=uQ1hlguaZI&sig=KElD0-vPy-ujrNQ0pwk60Ys2PbM#v=onepage&q&f=false
Kluge, H. (2018). The WHO Europe initiative for digitalization of health systems: mobilizing action through digital health for Health2020 and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_4), cky213-013.
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription. In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Vol. 36, Issue 4, pp. 674–688). Med Sci Sports Exerc. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
Le-Cerf Paredes, L., Valdés-Badilla, P., & Muñoz, E. G. (2021). Effects of strength training on the fitness in boys and girls with overweight and obesity: A systematic review. Retos, 43, 233–242. https://doi.org/10.47197/RETOS.V43I0.87756
Lee, J. (2020). Associations between handgrip strength and disease-specific mortality including cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases in older adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 28(2), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1123/JAPA.2018-0348
Lim, J. J. H., & Barley, C. I. (2016). Complex Training for Power Development: Practical Applications for Program Design. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(6), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000265
Marins, J. C. B., Marins, N. M. O., & Fernándezb, M. D. (2010). Aplicaciones de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima en la evaluación y prescripción de ejercicio. Apunts. Medicina de l’Esport, 45(168), 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APUNTS.2010.04.003
Marqueta, P. M., Fernández, E. L., Bonafonte, L. F., Álvarez-Garrido, H., Cruz, J. R. A., Olcese, M. A., Loureda, R. A., Mejías, J. D. A., Vives, M. B., & Redondo, R. B. (2018). Contraindicaciones para la práctica deportiva. Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Medicina del Deporte (SEMED-FEMEDE). Archivos de Medicina Del Deporte Organo de Expresion de La Sociedad Española de Medicina Del Deporte, 32, 6–45.
Mendes, R., Sousa, N., Almeida, A., Subtil, P., Guedes-Marques, F., Reis, V. M., & Themudo-Barata, J. L. (2016). Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes - A synthesis of international recommendations: Narrative review. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 50, Issue 22, pp. 1379–1381). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094895
Mengeste, A. M., Rustan, A. C., & Lund, J. (2021). Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 29(10), 1582–1595. https://doi.org/10.1002/OBY.23227
Nagatani, T., Haff, G. G., Guppy, S. N., & Kendall, K. L. (2022). Practical Application of Traditional and Cluster Set Configurations Within a Resistance Training Program. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 44(5), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000700
Navarro Valdivielso, F. (1998). La resistencia. Gymnos. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=97491
Norton, K., Norton, L., & Sadgrove, D. (2010). Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(5), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAMS.2009.09.008
O’Donoghue, G., Blake, C., Cunningham, C., Lennon, O., & Perrotta, C. (2021). What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network meta-analysis. In Obesity Reviews (Vol. 22, Issue 2). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13137
Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Mazur, A., Chudek, J., Kos-Kudła, B., Markuszewski, L., Dudek, D., Major, P., Małczak, P., Tarnowski, W., Jaworski, P., & Tomiak, E. (2023). Obesity in Adults: Position Statement of Polish Association for the Study on Obesity, Polish Association of Endocrinology, Polish Association of Cardiodiabetology, Polish Psychiatric Association, Section of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery of the Association of Polish Surgeons, and the College of Family Physicians in Poland. Nutrients, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU15071641
Oppert, J.-M., Bellicha, A., Baak, M. A. van, Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Carraça, E. V., Encantado, J., Ermolao, A., Pramono, A., Farpour-Lambert, N., Woodward, E., Dicker, D., & Busetto, L. (2021). Exercise training in the management of overweight and obesity in adults: Synthesis of the evidence and recommendations from the European Association for the Study of Obesity Physical Activity Working Group. Obesity Reviews, 22(S4), e13273. https://doi.org/10.1111/OBR.13273
Orange, S. T., Marshall, P., Madden, L. A., & Vince, R. V. (2020). Effect of home‐based resistance training performed with or without a high‐speed component in adults with severe obesity. Translational Sports Medicine, 3(1), 34–45.
Pallarés, J. G. (*), & Morán Navarro, R. J. (2012). Propuesta metodológica para el entrenamiento de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria. Journal of Sport and Health Research, ISSN-e 1989-6239, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2012, 136 Págs., 4(2), 119–136. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4184895
Pataky, Z., Armand, S., Müller-Pinget, S., Golay, A., & Allet, L. (2014). Effects of obesity on functional capacity. Obesity, 22(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20514
Pelliccia, A., Sharma, S., Gati, S., Bäck, M., Börjesson, M., Caselli, S., Collet, J. P., Corrado, D., Drezner, J. A., Halle, M., Hansen, D., Heidbuchel, H., Myers, J., Niebauer, J., Papadakis, M., Piepoli, M. F., Prescott, E., Roos-Hesselink, J. W., Graham Stuart, A., … Wijns, W. (2021). 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. In European Heart Journal (Vol. 42, Issue 1, pp. 17–96). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605
Pescatello, L. S., Riebe, D., & Thompson, P. D. (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ponti, F., de Cinque, A., Fazio, N., Napoli, A., Guglielmi, G., & Bazzocchi, A. (2020). Ultrasound imaging, a stethoscope for body composition assessment. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 10(8), 1699–1722. https://doi.org/10.21037/QIMS-19-1048
Power, S., Rowley, N., Flynn, D., Duncan, M., & Broom, D. (2022). Home-based exercise for adults with overweight or obesity: A rapid review. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 16(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ORCP.2022.02.003
Robertson, R. J., Goss, F. L., Rutkowski, J., Lenz, B., Dixon, C., Timmer, J., Frazee, K., Dube, J., & Andreacci, J. (2003). Concurrent validation of the OMNI perceived exertion scale for resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000048831.15016.2A
Rojo-Tirado, M. A., Benito, P. J., Atienza, D., Rincón, E., & Calderón, F. J. (2013). Effects of age, sex, and treatment on weight-loss dynamics in overweight people. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 38(9), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2012-0441
Rubio Hererra, M. A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Barbany, M., Moreno, B., Aranceta, J., Bellido, D., Blay, V., Carraro, R., Formiguera, X., Foz, M., De Pablos, P. L., García-Luna, P. P., Griera, J. L., De La Torre, M. L., Martínez, J. A., Remesar, X., Tebar, J., & Vidal, J. (2007). Consenso SEEDO 2007 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Revista Espanola de Obesidad, 5(3), 135–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7753(07)72531-9
Saatmann, N., Zaharia, O. P., Loenneke, J. P., Roden, M., & Pesta, D. H. (2021). Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise and Possible Applications in Type 2 Diabetes. In Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 106–117). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.010
Salas-Salvadó, J., Rubio, M. A., Barbany, M., & Moreno, B. (2007). Consenso SEEDO 2007 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Medicina Clínica, 128(5), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7753(07)72531-9
Sandsdal, R. M., Juhl, C. R., Jensen, S. B. K., Lundgren, J. R., Janus, C., Blond, M. B., Rosenkilde, M., Bogh, A. F., Gliemann, L., Jensen, J. E. B., Antoniades, C., Stallknecht, B. M., Holst, J. J., Madsbad, S., & Torekov, S. S. (2023). Combination of exercise and GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment reduces severity of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12933-023-01765-Z
Seo, Y. G., Noh, H. M., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). Weight loss effects of circuit training interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20(11), 1642–1650. https://doi.org/10.1111/OBR.12911
Simón-Mora, R. M., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Carmona, W., & González-Jurado, J. A. (2020). Effect of a physical exercise program on physical fitness and visceral fat in people with obesity. Retos, 2041(39), 723–730. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.78997
Sizoo, D., de Heide, L. J. M., Emous, M., van Zutphen, T., Navis, G., & van Beek, A. P. (2020). Measuring Muscle Mass and Strength in Obesity: a Review of Various Methods. In Obesity Surgery (Vol. 31, Issue 1). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-05082-2
Suárez-Carmona, W., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. J. (2018). Índice de masa corporal: ventajas y desventajas de su uso en la obesidad. Relación con la fuerza y la actividad física. Nutricion Clínica En Medicina, XII(3), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.7400/NCM.2018.12.3.5067
Suárez Carmona, W., Sánchez Oliver, A., & González Jurado, J. (2017). Fisiopatología de la obesidad: Perspectiva actual. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 44(3), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182017000300226
Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37(1), 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8
Tee, C. C. L., Cooke, M. B., Chong, M. C., Yeo, W. K., & Camera, D. M. (2023). Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 53(2), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-022-01782-0
Tiggemann, C. L., Pietta-Dias, C., Schoenell, M. C. W., Noll, M., Alberton, C. L., Pinto, R. S., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2021). Rating of Perceived Exertion as a Method to Determine Training Loads in Strength Training in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18157892
Tufano, J. J., Brown, L. E., & Haff, G. G. (2017). Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Different Cluster Set Structures: A Systematic Review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 848–867. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001581
Verboven, K., & Hansen, D. (2021). Critical Reappraisal of the Role and Importance of Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Obesity in Adults. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 51, Issue 3, pp. 379–389). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01392-8
Weakley, J., Mann, B., Banyard, H., McLaren, S., Scott, T., & Garcia-Ramos, A. (2021). Velocity-based training: From theory to application. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 43(2), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000560
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
