El efecto de la tarea motora dual sobre el control postural estático y dinámico y la clasificación de la dificultad de la tarea motora - Revisión sistemática (The effect of the motor dual-task on static and dynamic postural control and classification of the motor task difficulty - Systematic Review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93387Resumen
Muchas actividades diarias requieren múltiples tareas e implican la integración de habilidades cognitivas y motoras, de las cuales depende el resultado. Muchos estudios abordan la influencia de las tareas cognitivas en la marcha y el control postural, pero pocos estudios analizan el efecto de otra tarea motora durante la marcha o el control postural. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar las tareas motoras utilizadas en los estudios de duales tareas motoras y clasificar las tareas motoras en función de su nivel de dificultad. La revisión de la literatura se realizó de acuerdo con las guias de PRISMA en las bases de datos: Medline, Web on Science y Scopus durante diciembre de 2019, utilizando las palabras clave: tarea motora dual, tarea motora secundaria, marcha y control postural. Incluyó estudios observacionales basados en los efectos de la tarea motora dual en el control postural estático y dinámico, publicados en los últimos diez años. N = 215 estudios se encontraron dentro de las bases de datos, y dieciséis estudios se incluyeron en esta revisión. Un estudio analizó la marcha con una tarea motora secundaria de diferentes niveles de complejidad y tres estudios analizaron la tarea motora primaria (marcha) en diferentes niveles de dificultad o condiciones y todos encontraron que las tareas más complejas conducen a un rendimiento de la marcha más pobre. En conclusión, se sugiere una clasificación de las tareas motoras según su nivel de complejidad y sugiriendo la necesidad de más estudios con tareas motoras de diferentes niveles de dificultad. Los parámetros de control postural estáticos y dinámicos analizados en esta revisión se vieron afectados negativamente en comparación con la tarea motora simple, independientemente de la edad o la condición clínica.
Abstract. Many daily activities require performing multiple tasks and involve the integration of cognitive and motor skills, on which the outcome depends. Many studies approach the influence of cognitive tasks on gait and postural control, but few studies analyze the effect of another motor task during gait or postural control. This review aims to analyze the motor tasks used in motor dual-tasks studies and classify motor tasks as to their difficulty level. The literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines in the databases: Medline, Web on Science, and Scopus during December 2019, using the key-words: motor dual-task, secondary motor task, gait, and postural control. It included observational studies based on the effects of motor dual-tasking in static and dynamic postural control, published in the last ten years. N = 215 studies were found within the databases, and this review included sixteen studies. One study analyzed gait with secondary motor task of different levels of complexity. Three studies analyzed the primary motor task (gait) at different difficulty levels or conditions. They all found that more complex tasks lead to poorer gait performance.In conclusion, a classification of the motor tasks is suggested according to their complexity level and suggests the need for more studies with motor tasks of different levels of difficulty. The static and dynamic postural control parameters analyzed in this review were negatively affected compared to the simple motor task, regardless of age or clinical condition.
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