Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza y suplementación en personas vegetarianas: Revisión sistemática (Effects of strength training and supplementation in vegetarian people: Systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.58300Palabras clave:
vegetarianos, adultos, entrenamiento de fuerza, suplementación, creatina (vegetarians, adults, strength training, supplementation, creatine)Resumen
El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de un entrenamiento de fuerza más una suplementación adicional sobre deportistas adultos no profesionales y vegetarianos. Una revisión sistemática de las bases de datos MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus y WOS (Web of Science) fue realizada siguiendo el modelo PICO, utilizando términos que representasen a personas vegetarianas de entre 18 y 64 años que hubiesen realizado una intervención basada en un entrenamiento de fuerza más suplementación. Siguiendo el procedimiento PRISMA, de los 62 estudios encontrados tan solo 3 cumplieron todos los criterios por lo que fueron analizados en su totalidad para poder ser incluidos en la revisión. La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro. El estudio de Shomrat et al. (2000) la suplementación con creatina provocó un incremento de la masa corporal y potencia media. El estudio de Burke et al. (2003) obtuvo con la suplementación de creatina incrementos en la fosfocreatina (PCr), creatina total (TCr), fuerza, fibras musculares de tipo II y tejido magro, siendo estos cambios más significativos en las personas vegetarianas. Por último, en el estudio de Burke et al. (2008), el factor de crecimiento insulínico de tipo 1 (IGF-1) se incrementó en un 67%, con mayor acumulación en el grupo que fue suplementado con creatina. A raíz de estos resultados se puede concluir que la suplementación con creatina puede provocar efectos positivos en el rendimiento de los deportistas vegetarianos, ya que puede cubrir ciertas carencias derivadas de la dieta vegetariana.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of strength training plus additional supplementation on non-professional adult athletes who are vegetarian. A systematic review of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus, and WOS (Web of Science) databases was performed following the PICO model, using terms related to vegetarians aged between 18 and 64 years who realized an intervention based on strength training and supplementation. Following the PRISMA statement, of the 62 studies found only 3 met all the inclusion criteria and were analyzed entirely to be included in the review. The methodological quality of the studies was performed using the PEDro scale. The study of Shomrat et al. (2000) with creatine supplementation resulted in an increase in body mass and power. The study of Burke et al. (2003), based on creatine supplementation, obtained an increase of phosphocreatine (PCr), total creatine (TCr), strength, type II muscle fibers, and lean tissue. These changes were significant in vegetarians. Finally, in a study of Burke et al. (2008), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) increased by 67%, with higher accumulation in the group that was supplemented with creatine. As a consequence of these results we can conclude that creatine supplementation could have positive effects on the performance of vegetarians due to the fact that it could cover certain shortcomings derived from the vegetarian diet.
Citas
Antonio, J., & Ciccone, V. (2013). The effects of pre versus post workout supplementation of creatine monohydrate on body composition and strength. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10, 36. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-36
Bemben, M. G., & Lamont, H. S. (2005). Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings. Sports Medicine, 35(2), 107-125.
Benton, D., & Donohoe, R. (2011). The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores. British Journal of Nutrition, 105(7), 1100-1105. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510004733
Bonci, L. J. (2011). Eating for performance: bringing science to the training table. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 30(3), 661-670. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.011
Brose, A., Parise, G., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2003). Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 58(1), 11-19.
Brosnan, M. E., Edison, E. E., da Silva, R., & Brosnan, J. T. (2007). New insights into creatine function and synthesis. Advances in Enzyme Regulation, 47, 252-260. doi: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2006.12.005
Burke, D. G., Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., MacNeil, L. G., Roy, B. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Ziegenfuss, T. (2008). Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 18(4), 389-398.
Burke, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Parise, G., Candow, D. G., Mahoney, D., & Tarnopolsky, M. (2003). Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(11), 1946-1955. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79
Burke, D. G., Silver, S., Holt, L. E., Smith Palmer, T., Culligan, C. J., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2000). The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 10(3), 235-244.
Candow, D. G., Little, J. P., Chilibeck, P. D., Abeysekara, S., Zello, G. A., Kazachkov, M., . . . Yu, P. H. (2008). Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(9), 1645-1652. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318176b310
Cooke, M. B., Brabham, B., Buford, T. W., Shelmadine, B. D., McPheeters, M., Hudson, G. M., . . . Willoughby, D. S. (2014). Creatine supplementation post-exercise does not enhance training-induced adaptations in middle to older aged males. European journal of applied physiology, 114(6), 1321-1332. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2866-1
Craig, W. J., Mangels, A. R., & American Dietetic, A. (2009). Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7), 1266-1282.
Czerwinski, S. M., Martin, J. M., & Bechtel, P. J. (1994). Modulation of IGF mRNA abundance during stretch-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regression. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 76(5), 2026-2030.
Chen, M. D., & Rimmer, J. H. (2011). Effects of exercise on quality of life in stroke survivors: a meta-analysis. Stroke, 42(3), 832-837. doi: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.607747
Chou, C. H., Hwang, C. L., & Wu, Y. T. (2012). Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(2), 237-244. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.042
del Favero, S., Roschel, H., Artioli, G., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., Costa, A., . . . Gualano, B. (2012). Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance. Amino Acids, 42(6), 2299-2305. doi: 10.1007/s00726-011-0972-5
Deldicque, L., Louis, M., Theisen, D., Nielens, H., Dehoux, M., Thissen, J. P., . . . Francaux, M. (2005). Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(5), 731-736.
Felser, S., Behrens, M., Fischer, S., Heise, S., Baumler, M., Salomon, R., & Bruhn, S. (2016). Relationship between strength qualities and short track speed skating performance in young athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports, 26(2), 165-171. doi: 10.1111/sms.12429
Forbes, D., Forbes, S. C., Blake, C. M., Thiessen, E. J., & Forbes, S. (2015). Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Systematic Review(4), Cd006489. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4
Giem, P., Beeson, W. L., & Fraser, G. E. (1993). The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology, 12(1), 28-36.
Granacher, U., Lesinski, M., Busch, D., Muehlbauer, T., Prieske, O., Puta, C., . . . Behm, D. G. (2016). Effects of Resistance Training in Youth Athletes on Muscular Fitness and Athletic Performance: A Conceptual Model for Long-Term Athlete Development. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 164. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00164
Herda, T. J., Beck, T. W., Ryan, E. D., Smith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Hartman, M. J., . . . Cramer, J. T. (2009). Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(3), 818-826. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a2ed11
Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (2005). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: version.
Juhn, M. S., & Tarnopolsky, M. (1998). Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 8(4), 298-304.
Landa-Ramírez, E., & De Jesús, A. (2014). Herramienta PICO para la formulación y búsqueda de preguntas clínicamente relevantes en la psicooncología basada en la evidencia. Psicooncología, 11(55), 259-270.
Li, D. (2011). Chemistry behind Vegetarianism. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 59(3), 777-784. doi: 10.1021/jf103846u
Luchsinger, J. A., & Mayeux, R. (2004). Dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurology, 3(10), 579-587. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00878-6
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336-341. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
Oliver, J. M., Jagim, A. R., Pischel, I., Jager, R., Purpura, M., Sanchez, A., . . . Kreider, R. B. (2014). Effects of short-term ingestion of Russian Tarragon prior to creatine monohydrate supplementation on whole body and muscle creatine retention and anaerobic sprint capacity: a preliminary investigation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 6. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-6
Owen, A., Dunlop, G., Rouissi, M., Chtara, M., Paul, D., Zouhal, H., & Wong del, P. (2015). The relationship between lower-limb strength and match-related muscle damage in elite level professional European soccer players. Journal of Sports Science, 33(20), 2100-2105. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1064155
Rawson, E. S., & Volek, J. S. (2003). Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance. Journal of Strength and Condition Research, 17(4), 822-831.
Raya-González, J., Suárez-Arrones, L., & Saez de Villareal, E. (2018). Efectos a corto plazo de un programa de entrenamiento de sobrecarga excéntrica sobre el rendimiento físico en jugadores de fútbol de élite U-16. Retos, 33, 106-111.
Rizzo, G., Lagana, A. S., Rapisarda, A. M., La Ferrera, G. M., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., . . . Vitale, S. G. (2016). Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients, 8(12). doi: 10.3390/nu8120767
Rodriguez, N. R., Di Marco, N. M., & Langley, S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(3), 709-731. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86
Ruotsalainen, H., Kyngas, H., Tammelin, T., & Kaariainen, M. (2015). Systematic review of physical activity and exercise interventions on body mass indices, subsequent physical activity and psychological symptoms in overweight and obese adolescents. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(11), 2461-2477. doi: 10.1111/jan.12696
Sahlin, K. (2014). Muscle energetics during explosive activities and potential effects of nutrition and training. Sports Medicine, 44 Suppl 2, S167-173. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0256-9
Sahlin, K., Tonkonogi, M., & Soderlund, K. (1998). Energy supply and muscle fatigue in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 162(3), 261-266. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.0298f.x
Sánchez-Sixto, A., & Floría, P. (2017). Efecto del entrenamiento combinado de fuerza y pliometría en variables biomecánicas del salto vertical en jugadoras de baloncesto. Effects of combined plyometric and resistance training in biomechanical variables of the vertical jump in basketball players. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 31, 114-117.
Shomrat, A., Weinstein, Y., & Katz, A. (2000). Effect of creatine feeding on maximal exercise performance in vegetarians. European journal of applied physiology, 82(4), 321-325. doi: 10.1007/s004210000222
Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2003). Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders, 27(6), 728-734. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300
Stubbs, B., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D., Ward, P. B., & Schuch, F. B. (2016). Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness in people with depression: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Journal of affective disorders, 190, 249-253. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.010
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419-1449. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0
Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Safdar, A. (2008). The potential benefits of creatine and conjugated linoleic acid as adjuncts to resistance training in older adults. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism, 33(1), 213-227. doi: 10.1139/h07-142
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(3), 543-568. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Mazzetti, S. A., Staron, R. S., Putukian, M., Gomez, A. L., . . . Kraemer, W. J. (1999). Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31(8), 1147-1156.
Volek, J. S., & Rawson, E. S. (2004). Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 609-614. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.014
Wax, B., Kavazis, A. N., & Luckett, W. (2016). Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. Journal of dietary supplements, 13(3), 269-282. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1008615
Wilkinson, T. J., Lemmey, A. B., Jones, J. G., Sheikh, F., Ahmad, Y. A., Chitale, S., . . . O'Brien T, D. (2016). Can Creatine Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Objective Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care and Research (Hoboken), 68(6), 729-737. doi: 10.1002/acr.22747
Yeung, J., Cleves, A., Griffiths, H., & Nokes, L. (2016). Mobility, proprioception, strength and FMS as predictors of injury in professional footballers. BMJ open sport and exercise medicine, 2(1), e000134. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000134
Descargas
Archivos adicionales
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess