Efectos de una intervención de Actividad Física en el contexto escolar sobre la calidad y cantidad del sueño en preescolares: Revisión sistemática (Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention in the School Setting on Sleep Quality and Quantity in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.99792Palabras clave:
sueño, actividad física, preescolares, calidad del sueño, duración del sueño, contexto educativoResumen
El sueño es un proceso fisiológico que desempeña un papel fundamental en la función cerebral sistémica de los diferentes sistemas corporales. La literatura científica asocia un sueño eficiente y de calidad a un óptimo desarrollo cognitivo, físico y socioemocional durante los primeros años de vida. Son muchos los preescolares que tienen problemas de sueño por un estilo de vida cada vez más digitalizado, con inactividad física que no cumple las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad diaria y dada la influencia del sueño en otras poblaciones, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar si una intervención de actividad física influye en la calidad y duración de sueño en preescolares. Se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos controlados aleatorizados en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PsycINFO, Cinahl y SPORTdiscus dando lugar finalmente a un resultado de 3 estudios incluidos y con una muestra total de 1959 sujetos. Los estudios analizados no mostraron influencia de una intervención de actividad física en la duración del sueño, pero sí en la calidad del sueño. La falta de evidencia en este tipo de poblaciones no hace posible sacar una conclusión clara, por lo tanto, parece imprescindible generar una línea de investigación para conocer de forma clara qué tipo de intervención basada en actividad física puede influir positivamente sobre la cantidad y calidad del sueño en preescolares.
Palabras clave: calidad del sueño; duración del sueño; ejercicio físico; escuelas de párvulos; preescolar; sueño.
Abstract. Sleep is a physiological process that plays a fundamental role in systemic physiological brain function in many bodily systems. The scientific literature associates efficient and high-quality sleep with optimal cognitive, physical, and socioemotional development during the early years of life. Many preschoolers have sleep problems due to an increasingly digitized lifestyle with inadequate physical activity that does not meet the minimum daily activity recommendations. Given the influence of physical activity on sleep in other populations, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine whether a physical activity intervention influences the quality and duration of sleep in preschoolers. A search for randomized controlled trials was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PsycINFO, Cinahl, and SPORTdiscus databases using established inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a final outcome of 3 included studies. The analyzed studies did not show an influence of physical activity intervention on sleep duration but did on sleep quality. The lack of evidence in this population makes it impossible to draw a clear conclusion; therefore, it is essential to generate a research line to clearly understand what type of physical activity-based intervention can positively influence the quantity and quality of sleep in preschoolers.
Key words: Child, Preschool; exercise; schools, nursery; sleep; sleep duration; sleep quality.
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