Velocidad de la marcha en adultos mayores: explorando el impacto de factores funcionales, físicos y sociales (Gait speed in older adults: exploring the impact of functional, physical and social factors)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.109902Palabras clave:
Fragilidad, velocidad de la marcha, adultos mayores, potencia relativa, estado socioeconómicoResumen
Objetivo: Con la edad, se produce un deterioro neuromuscular y cognitivo que afecta la capacidad funcional. Uno de los signos más característicos y fácilmente reconocibles de este deterioro es la disminución de la velocidad de marcha habitual. En los adultos mayores, la velocidad de la marcha es un indicador no invasivo del estado de salud y funcional, y se considera un signo vital. Dado que predice diversas condiciones en etapas posteriores de la vida, medir la velocidad de marcha habitual es crucial en el ámbito clínico. Por lo tanto, analizar y determinar la asociación entre la velocidad de la marcha y el impacto de las variables funcionales y socioeconómicas puede facilitar la prevención de problemas de salud asociados y el mantenimiento de la función física en los adultos mayores. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los factores clave que influyen en la velocidad de marcha en adultos mayores, así como examinar la influencia del estado socioeconómico sobre la velocidad de marcha. Métodos: Un total de 1,253 adultos mayores (89.5% mujeres) con una edad media de 78.1 ± 5.8 años participaron voluntariamente en este estudio transversal descriptivo, que examina los resultados de pruebas de capacidad funcional y datos socioeconómicos en adultos mayores. Para evaluar la función física, se realizaron pruebas SPPB (prueba de levantarse de la silla, pruebas de equilibrio, prueba de velocidad de la marcha), fuerza manual, índice de calidad muscular y potencia, además de medir la composición corporal y el estado socioeconómico. Resultados: El modelo de regresión final mostró que la velocidad de la marcha fue explicada significativamente de forma parcial (R2=0.35; p<0.01) por el entorno socioeconómico, la edad, el equilibrio y la potencia relativa. Al mismo tiempo, pertenecer a un entorno socioeconómico más alto se asocia con una menor potencia relativa (p<0.01; η2=0.07). Conclusiones: Este estudio destaca que la edad, la potencia relativa y el equilibrio son determinantes significativos de la velocidad de la marcha en los adultos mayores. Estos marcadores clínicos proporcionan información crucial para diseñar intervenciones personalizadas y efectivas que promuevan un envejecimiento saludable.
Palabras clave: Fragilidad, velocidad de la marcha, adulto mayor, potencia relativa, estatus socioeconómico.
Abstract. Purpose: With age there is a neuromuscular and cognitive decline that impacts on functional ability. One of the most characteristic and easily recognisable signs of this decline is a decrease in usual gait speed. For older adults, gait speed is a non-invasive indicator of health and functional status and is regarded as a vital sign. As it predicts various conditions later in life, measuring usual walking speed is crucial in the clinical setting. Therefore, analysing and determining the association between walking speed and the impact of functional and socio-economic variables may facilitate the prevention of associated health problems and the maintenance of physical function in older adults. This study aims to identify the key factors that influence walking speed in older adults, as well as to examine the influence of socio-economic status on walking speed. Methods: A total of 1253 older adults (89.5% women) with a mean age of 78.1 ± 5.8 voluntarily participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study, which examines the results of functional capacity tests and socioeconomic data in older adults. To assess physical function, SPPB tests (chair stand test, balance tests, gait speed test), manual grip strength, muscle quality index, and power were conducted, in addition to measuring body composition and socioeconomic status. Results: The final regression model showed that gait speed was significantly partially explained (R2=0.35; p<0.01) by the socioeconomic environment, age, balance, and relative power. At the same time, belonging to a higher socio-economic environment is linked to lower relative power (p<0.01; η2=0.07). Conclusions: Exploring the factors that affect walking speed in older adults, this study highlights that age, relative power and balance are significant determinants. These clinical markers provide crucial information for designing personalized and effective interventions to promote healthy aging.
Keywords: Frailty, gait speed, elderly, relative power, socioeconomic status.
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