La influencia de las características fisiológicas y funcionales del cuerpo de las niñas de 17-18 años en la práctica deportiva (The influence of physiological and functional characteristics of the body of girls aged 17-18 years on playing sports)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.105688Palabras clave:
sexual dimorphism, hormonal changes, women’s sports, physical culture, sports performanceResumen
Lograr resultados competitivos en los deportes femeninos para atletas de 17-18 años requiere estructurar los procesos de entrenamiento en torno a sus características fisiológicas. Este artículo analiza datos científicos recientes sobre el impacto del dimorfismo sexual en las chicas de 17-18 años en la participación y el entrenamiento deportivo. Se recopilaron y analizaron trabajos científicos relevantes de los últimos cinco años. A esta edad, las chicas pasan por la etapa final de maduración sexual. La efectividad de las actividades deportivas varía individualmente, influenciada por el ciclo ovárico-menstrual, el fondo hormonal y los síntomas en cada fase del ciclo. La actividad física disminuye durante las fases menstrual, ovulatoria y premenstrual, mientras que las fases postmenstrual y postovulatoria son más favorables para la participación deportiva. Los indicadores de rendimiento dependen del dimorfismo sexual: las atletas femeninas muestran características únicas en la actividad del sistema nervioso central, alta excitabilidad psicoemocional y un desarrollo más temprano de cualidades somáticas y físicas en comparación con los hombres. La estructura esquelética en las atletas femeninas de 17-18 años es más pequeña y corta, con una pelvis más ancha y una cintura escapular más desarrollada. Estos hallazgos pueden ser utilizados por escuelas deportivas, especialistas en rehabilitación, entrenadores y médicos deportivos para adaptar y estructurar los procesos de entrenamiento, teniendo en cuenta las características fisiológicas de las atletas femeninas de 17-18 años, con el objetivo de lograr altos resultados competitivos.
Palabras clave: Dimorfismo Sexual, Cambios Hormonales, Deportes Femeninos, Cultura Física, Rendimiento Deportivo.
Abstract. Achieving competitive results in women’s sports for athletes aged 17-18 requires structuring training processes around their physiological characteristics. This article analyzes recent scientific data on the impact of sexual dimorphism in girls aged 17-18 on sports participation and training. Relevant scientific works from the past five years were collected and analyzed. At this age, girls undergo the final stage of sexual maturation. The effectiveness of sports activities varies individually, influenced by the ovarian-menstrual cycle, hormonal background, and symptoms in each cycle phase. Physical activity declines during the menstrual, ovulatory, and premenstrual phases, while postmenstrual and postovulatory phases are more favorable for sports participation. Performance indicators depend on sexual dimorphism: female athletes show unique features in central nervous system activity, high psycho-emotional excitability, and earlier development of somatic and physical qualities compared to males. The skeletal structure in 17-18-year-old female athletes is smaller and shorter, with a wider pelvis and more developed shoulder girdle. These findings can be used by sports schools, rehabilitation specialists, coaches, and sports physicians to adapt and structure training processes, taking into account the physiological characteristics of 17-18-year-old female athletes, aiming for highly competitive results.
Keywords: Sexual Dimorphism, Hormonal Changes, Women’s Sports, Physical Culture, Sports Performance.
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