¿Qué sabemos sobre los efectos del ejercicio físico en la demencia, excluyendo el alzheimer? una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos internacionales (What do we know about the effects of physical exercise on dementia, without alzheimer's? systematic re-view of international clinical trials)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.100309Palabras clave:
Dementia, Amentia, Exercise, Elderly, Systematic ReviewResumen
La demencia se caracteriza por un deterioro progresivo de las funciones cognitivas y físicas más allá de lo esperado en el envejecimiento normal, lo que afecta la calidad de vida tanto de los afectados como de quienes les rodean. Excepto por el Alzheimer, pocos estudios han resumido los resultados del ejercicio en la demencia. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar los efectos del ejercicio físico (EF) en los adultos mayores con demencia, excluyendo el Alzheimer. Esta revisión sistemática de la literatura siguió las recomendaciones de PRISMA y se llevó a cabo en septiembre de 2022 en las bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y EBSCO. La búsqueda se realizó sin restricciones en cuanto a la fecha de publicación. Se incluyeron estudios experimentales que analizaron a personas con demencia sometidas a EF. En total, 17 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales ocho eran del continente asiático. Los estudios mostraron que el EF, especialmente el ejercicio aeróbico, beneficia los aspectos físicos y cognitivos de las personas mayores con demencia. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron mejores resultados cuando el EF se combinó con terapias cognitivas. La mayoría de los estudios evaluaron a personas mayores en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. El ejercicio aeróbico estuvo presente en el 70,58% de los estudios. Los períodos de intervención variaron de cuatro a 65 semanas, con ejercicios combinados tres veces a la semana en cinco estudios, y las intensidades variaron según el tipo de EF. Los beneficios mostraron mejoras en el desempeño de las actividades diarias y las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, algunos estudios presentaron baja calidad metodológica, lo que podría interferir en los resultados. Se requiere investigación adicional sobre el EF y la demencia en adultos mayores.
Palabras clave: Demencia, Ejercicio, Personas mayores, Cognición, Revisión sistemática.
Abstract. Dementia is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive and physical functions beyond that expected in normal aging affecting the quality of life and that of those close to them. Except for Alzheimer's, few studies have summarized exercise results in dementia. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of physical exercise (PE) on dementia in older adults, not including Alzheimer's. This systematic review of the literature followed the recommendations of PRISMA and was conducted in September 2022 in the databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO. The search was performed without restriction regarding the date of publication. Experimental studies that analyzed people with dementia submitted to PE were included. In total, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, with eight of them from the Asian continent. The studies showed that PE, especially aerobic exercise, benefits physical and cognitive aspects of older people with dementia. However, better results were seen when PE was associated with cognitive therapies. Most of the studies evaluated older people who were at different stages of the disease. Aerobic exercise was present in 70.58% of studies. The intervention periods ranged from four to 65 weeks, with combined exercises three times a week in five studies, and the intensities varied according to the type of PE. The benefits showed improvements in the performance of daily activities and cognitive functions. However, some studies have low methodological quality, which could interfere with the results. Further research is required on PE and dementia in older adults.
Keywords: Dementia, Exercise, Elderly, Cognition, Systematic Review.
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