Ni tan rebeldes: Perfil de personalidad de los corredores de montaña (Not so rebel after all: Profiling personality traits in mountain running athletes)

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.95734

Palabras clave:

trail runners, ultrarunning, personality, endurance sports

Resumen

En el campo de la psicología del deporte, las teorías de rasgos ven las características de la personalidad como los principales determinantes del comportamiento. Este estudio exploró los rasgos de personalidad en atletas de un deporte en crecimiento, trail o ultramaratón de montaña, un grupo para el cual estudios previos han arrojado resultados no concluyentes con respecto a los rasgos dominantes y qué rasgos están asociados con el éxito deportivo. El cuestionario NEO-FFI de Costa y McCrae (1992) se aplicó en línea a una muestra de 86 corredores de montaña (60 hombres y 26 mujeres), que participaron en una competencia en Chile. Se buscó determinar cómo era el perfil de personalidad de estos deportistas; identificar si había diferencias significativas entre esta población y la población normal; y si había diferencias entre ellos según el género, la distancia en la que compitieron, los resultados en la competencia y las motivaciones que manifestaron para correr. Para cada comparación, se realizó una prueba de suma de rangos de Wilcoxon para medir sus diferencias y la significación estadística respectiva. Los resultados mostraron que el perfil de personalidad de los corredores de montaña coincidía con el de los atletas exitosos en términos de alta Escrupulosidad y bajo Neuroticismo, sin embargo, los puntajes de Apertura a la Experiencia no mostraron diferencias significativas con la población normal. Tampoco aparecieron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los rasgos entre corredores de ultrafondo y de fondo, ni según sus motivaciones para correr, ni entre corredores y corredoras (excepto en la dimensión Amabilidad). Finalmente, se delineó un agrupamiento de los corredores según sus perfiles de personalidad y rendimiento, para ver si encajaban en las clasificaciones existentes que distinguen entre deportistas recreativos y orientados a resultados, observando que era posible establecer distintos perfiles entre los corredores. Estos resultados son relevantes para quienes trabajan con deportistas, que pueden diseñar intervenciones adaptadas a los perfiles de personalidad de los atletas y prevenir consecuencias negativas cuando estos rasgos se asocian con conductas no saludables. Las modestas diferencias de género encontradas permiten cuestionar los estereotipos de género dentro del deporte y fomentar un enfoque más equitativo del entrenamiento de los atletas. Este conocimiento puede contribuir a seguir haciendo crecer el deporte de trail y ultrarunning en Chile y América Latina.

Palabras clave: corredores de montaña; ultracorredores; deportes de resistencia; personalidad; Cinco Grandes

Abstract. In the field of sport psychology, trait theories view personality characteristics as the main determinants of behavior. This study explored personality traits in athletes of a growing sport, trail or mountain ultrarunning, a group for which previous studies have yielded inconclusive results regarding the dominant traits and which traits are associated with sporting success. The NEO-FFI questionnaire by Costa and McCrae (1992) was applied online to a sample of 86 trail runners (60 men and 26 women), who participated in a competition in Chile. It sought to determine what the personality profile of these athletes was like; to identify if there were significant differences between this population and the normal population; and if there were differences among them according to gender, the distance in which they competed, the results in the competition, and the motivations they stated for running. For each comparison, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was performed to measure its differences and respective statistical significance. Results showed that the personality profile of the mountain runners matched that of successful athletes in terms of high Conscientiousness and low Neuroticism, however, Openness to Experience scores showed no significant differences with the normal population. Neither did significant differences appear in any of the traits between ultradistance and shorter distance runners, nor according to their motivations for running, nor between male and female runners (except in the Agreeableness dimension). Finally, a clustering of the runners was outlined according to their personality profiles and performance, to see if they fit existing classifications that distinguish between recreational and results-oriented athletes, observing that it was possible to establish distinct profiles among runners. These results are of relevance to sports practitioners, who can design tailored interventions according to athletes´ personality profiles and prevent negative consequences when these traits become associated with unhealthy behaviors. The modest gender differences found, allow questioning gender stereotypes within the sport and fostering a more equitable approach to athlete training. This knowledge can contribute to further growing the sport of trail and ultrarunning in Chile and Latin America.

Keywords: trail runners; ultrarunners; endurance sports; personality; Big Five

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Publicado

2023-03-31

Cómo citar

Lopez, A., & Sánchez, R. . (2023). Ni tan rebeldes: Perfil de personalidad de los corredores de montaña (Not so rebel after all: Profiling personality traits in mountain running athletes). Retos, 48, 532–544. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.95734

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Artículos de carácter científico: trabajos de investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas