Desarrollo profesional en el arbitraje de fútbol femenino: un estudio exploratorio en Portugal y España

Autores/as

  • Sandra Silva - Santos Centro de Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Inovação – CIDI/IEES – Fafe, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-5932
  • Pedro Bezerra Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-5427
  • Susana Rafaela Martins Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-4160
  • Ricardo Lima Lima Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-7534
  • Bruno Silva Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-7029

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.109962

Palabras clave:

Contratación, desarrollo profesional, fútbol, mujer árbitro, retención

Resumen

Introducción: La carrera de una árbitra de fútbol es desafiante, y solo unas pocas logran la excelencia y el reconocimiento internacional debido a las altas exigencias y las dificultades para mantener la sostenibilidad.

Objetivo: identificar las estrategias más eficaces en la selección, contratación y retención de árbitras de fútbol y determinar las principales barreras para una mujer como árbitra de fútbol en un deporte dominado por hombres en Portugal y España.

Metodología: Participaron 427 árbitras de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 50 años (25,1±6,7) pertenecientes a las federaciones de fútbol regional y nacional portuguesa y española. Se utilizó la Escala de Retención de Árbitros para identificar algunas variables que podrían influir en la retención de mujeres árbitras, se realizó un grupo de discusión y una entrevista cualitativa semiestructurada para complementar los datos.

Resultado: La tutoría fue la dimensión más importante para la retención de las mujeres árbitros, seguida de la motivación intrínseca en ambos países.

Discusión: La sostenibilidad de la carrera de las árbitras también se vio influida por las principales barreras, relacionadas con tres aspectos: la falta de apoyo institucional a lo largo de la carrera; la falta de carrera potencial; la dificultad para conciliar la vida personal y profesional, concretamente la falta de apoyo en la maternidad. Conclusiones: Este artículo abre una nueva perspectiva sobre la sostenibilidad de la carrera de las árbitras. Su contenido puede constituir una perspectiva importante para la aplicación de la carrera de las árbitras, desde la base hasta la cima.

Biografía del autor/a

Pedro Bezerra , Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal.

 

Susana Rafaela Martins , Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Ricardo Lima Lima , Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Bruno Silva , Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal

Citas

Aragão e Pina, J., Passos, A., Araújo, D., & Maynard, M. T. (2018). Football refereeing: An integrative review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 10-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.006

Beyea, S. C., & Nicoll, L. H. (2000). Learn more using focus groups. AORN journal, 71(4), 897-897.

Castagna, C., Bizzini, M., Póvoas, S. C. A., Schenk, K., Büsser, G., & D'Ottavio, S. (2019). Aerobic fitness in top-class soccer referees. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(11), 3098-3104.

Castillo, D., Raya-González, J., Usabiaga, O., Cámara-Tobalina, J., Castellano-Paulis, J., & Yanci-Irigoyen, J. (2019). Analysis of the success in soccer match officials’ decisions during an international tournament according to contextual factors. [Análisis del éxito en las decisiones de los árbitros en partidos oficiales de fútbol durante un torneo internacional atendiendo a factores contextuales]. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi: 10.5232/ricyde, 15(57), 225-234.

Chestnutt, I., & Robson, K. (2001). Focus groups–what are they? Dental Update, 28(4), 189-192.

Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). From play to practice. Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertis. United State: Human Kinetics, 89-113.

Côté, J., & Erickson, K. (2015). Diversification and deliberate play during the sampling years. In Routledge handbook of sport expertise (pp. 305-316). Routledge.

Cuskelly, G., & Hoye, R. (2013). Sports officials’ intention to continue. Sport Management Review, 16(4), 451-464.

Forbes, A., Edwards, L., & Fleming, S. (2015). ‘Women can’t referee’: exploring the experiences of female football officials within UK football culture. Soccer & society, 16(4), 521-539.

Hall, & Prentice, M. (2000). Krueger, RA and Casey, MA (2000) Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Kumar, R. (1996) Research Methodology: A Step By Step Guide for Beginners. Longman. Leedy, P and Ormond, JE (2001) Practical Research: Planning and Design.

Johansen, B. T. (2015). Reasons for officiating soccer: the role of passion-based motivations among Norwegian elite and non-elite referees. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité (87), 23-30.

Kim, S. (2017). Perceived organizational support as a mediator between distributive justice and sports referees’ job satisfaction and career commitment. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(2), 169-187.

Kittel, A., Larkin, P., Elsworthy, N., & Spittle, M. (2019). Identification of key performance characteristics of elite Australian football umpires. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(4), 490-497. Lima, R. F., Camões, M., Clemente, F. M., Castro, H. d. O., & Silva, B. (2022). Exploring the motivations and expectations in the amateur football referee. Journal of Physical Education, 33.

Livingston, L. A., & Forbes, S. L. (2016). Factors contributing to the retention of Canadian amateur sport officials: Motivations, perceived organizational support, and resilience. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(3), 342-355.

Mack, M., Schulenkorf, N., Adair, D., & Bennie, A. (2018). Factors influencing the development of elite-level sports officials in Australia: The AFL, ABA and FFA. Sport in Society, 21(9), 1240-1257.

Meckel, Y., Balikin, K., & Eliakim, A. (2020). Pre-and mid-season repeated sprint ability of soccer referees from the first and second divisions. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(1), 82-90. Nordstrom, H., Warner, S., & Barnes, J. C. (2016). Behind the stripes: Female football officials' experiences. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 16(3-6), 259-279.

Passero, J. G., Barreira, J., Junior, A. C., & Galatti, L. R. (2019). Gender (in) equality: a longitudinal analysis of women's participation in coaching and referee positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League (2010-2017). Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 19(1), 252-261.

Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Andrianarisoa, J., & Brunel, P. (2009). Passion in referees: examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 31(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.77

Plummer-D'Amato, P. (2008). Focus group methodology Part 1: Considerations for design. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 15(2), 69-73.

Potrac, P., Hall, E., & Nichol, A. (2022). Why do football referees quit officiating? Insights and implications: Final report (March 2019). Retrieved 29 mar 2022 from https://uefaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/07/2019_UEFA-RGP_Final-report_Potrac-Paul.pdf

Praschinger, A., Pomikal, C., & Stieger, S. (2011). May I curse a referee? Swear words and consequences. J Sports Sci Med, 10(2), 341-345.

Reid, K., & Dallaire, C. (2019). “Because there are so few of us”: The marginalization of female soccer referees in Ontario, Canada. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 27(1), 12-20.

Ridinger, L. L., Kim, K. R., Warner, S., & Tingle, J. K. (2017). Development of the referee retention scale. Journal of Sport Management, 31(5), 514-527.

Samuel, R. D., Galily, Y., Guy, O., Sharoni, E., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019). A decision-making simulator for soccer referees. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(4), 480-489.

Schmidt, S. L., Schmidt, G. J., Padilla, C. S., Simões, E. N., Tolentino, J. C., Barroso, P. R., . . . Costa Filho, R. L. (2019). Decrease in attentional performance after repeated bouts of high intensity exercise in association-football referees and assistant referees. Frontiers in psychology, 2014.

Sefton-Green, J. (2013). Learning at Not-School: A Review of Study, Theory, and Advocacy for Education in Non-Formal Settings. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning. MIT Press (BK).

Silva, J., & Assis, S. (2010). Focus group and content analysis as methodological strategy qualitative research clinic in developmental disorders. Cad Pós-Grad Dist Desen [Internet]. 2010 [access in 2017 Sep 21]; 10 (1): 146-51. In.

Sim, J., & Snell, J. (1996). Focus groups in physiotherapy evaluation and research. Physiotherapy, 82(3), 189-198.

Stewart, D., Shamdasani, P., & Rook, D. (1990). Focus Groups: Theory and Practice Sage Publications. In: London New Delhi.

Swayne, L. E., & Dodds, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of sports management and marketing. SAGE publications.

Tausch, A. P., & Menold, N. (2016). Methodological Aspects of Focus Groups in Health Research: Results of Qualitative Interviews With Focus Group Moderators. Glob Qual Nurs Res, 3, 2333393616630466. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393616630466

The International Football Association Board. (2022). Laws of the game 21/22. Retrieved 29 mar 2022 from https://downloads.theifab.com/downloads/laws-of-the-game-2021-22?l=en

Tingle, J. K., Warner, S., & Sartore-Baldwin, M. L. (2014). The experience of former women officials and the impact on the sporting community. Sex Roles, 71, 7-20.

Valenti, M., Scelles, N., & Morrow, S. (2018). Women’s football studies: An integrative review. Sport, business and management: an international journal.

Van Biemen, T., Koedijker, J., Renden, P. G., & Mann, D. L. (2018). The effect of blurred perceptual training on the decision making of skilled football referees. Frontiers in psychology, 1803.

Descargas

Publicado

2025-01-01

Cómo citar

Silva - Santos, S., Bezerra, P. ., Martins, S. R. ., Lima, R. L., & Silva, B. (2025). Desarrollo profesional en el arbitraje de fútbol femenino: un estudio exploratorio en Portugal y España. Retos, 63, 398–409. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.109962

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas