Efetividad de un programa de capacitación para cuidadores de ancianos institucionalizados sobre el comportamiento sedentario, atividad física y funcionalidad de los residentes (Effectiveness of a training program for caregivers of institutionalized older people on sedentary behavior, physical activity, and functionality of residents)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.108300Palabras clave:
Comportamiento Sedentario, Funcionalidad, Ancianos, Cuidadores, Hogares para ancianosResumen
Capacitar a los cuidadores de ancianos institucionalizados sobre un enfoque de atención ampliada parece ser una forma de mantener las capacidades del residente desde la perspectiva del cuidado a largo plazo. Objetivo: analizar la efectividad de la capacitación a cuidadores de ancianos institucionalizados sobre comportamiento sedentário (CS), niveles de actividad física (AF) y funcionalidad de los residentes. Métodos: Capacitación instructiva (quatro semanas) seguida del período de aplicación de objetivos por el cuidador (12 semanas). Medidas primarias: CS (acelerometría) y movilidad funcional (Timed up and Go). Secundarias: función física (SPPB), realización de actividades de la vida diaria (Índice de Barthel), AF (acelerómetro), fuerza de prensión manual y medidas antropométricas. Los análisis se realizaron según el principio de intención de tratar. Se aplicaron Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizadas (GEE) y la prueba post-hoc de Bonferroni para la comparación entre puntos temporales (pre y postintervención) y grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: Participaron 49 ancianos, 25 formaron el grupo de intervención (GI) y 24 el grupo control (GC). Hubo un efecto de interacción de grupo y tiempo, y el GI mostró una reducción en el CS (p=.017), aumento de la AF ligera (p=.006) y AF total (p=.018). No hubo cambios en la AF moderada y la funcionalidad. Aunque no es estadísticamente significativo, el índice de Barthel aumentó 6.8 puntos en el GI, diferencia clínicamente significativa. Conclusión: La capacitación de cuidadores puede ser importante para reducir el CS y promover la participación en AF, lo cual es relevante, considerando el perfil de la población anciana institucionalizada.
Palabras clave: Comportamiento Sedentario; Rendimiento Físico Funcional; Ancianos; Cuidadores; Hogares para Ancianos.
Abstract. Training caregivers of institutionalized older adults about an expanded care approach seems to be a way to maintain the resident's capabilities from the long-term care perspective. Objective: to analyze the effectiveness of training for caregivers of institutionalized older adults on sedentary behavior (SB), physical activity (PA) levels, and functionality of residents. Methods: Instructional training (four weeks) followed by the caregiver goal application period (12 weeks). Primary outcomes: Sedentary behavior (accelerometry) and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go). Secondary: physical function (SPPB), the performance of activities of daily living (Barthel Index), physical activity (accelerometer), handgrip strength, and anthropometric measurements. All analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and the Bonferroni post-hoc test were applied for comparison between time points (pre and post-intervention) and groups (p<0.05). Results: 49 older adults participated in the study, 25 of which comprised the intervention group (IG) and 24 the control group (CG). There was a group and time interaction effect, and the IG showed a reduction in SB (p=.017), increased light PA (p=.006), and total PA (p=.018). There were no changes in moderate PA and functionality. Although not statistically significant, the Barthel Index increased by 6.8 points in the IG, a clinically meaningful difference. Conclusion: The caregiver training strategy can be important in reducing SB and promoting participation in PA, which is relevant, considering the profile of the institutionalized older adult population.
Keywords: Sedentary Behavior; Physical Functional Performance; Older Adults; Caregivers; Nursing home.
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