Participación de personas con esquizofrenia en un programa de ejercicio físico de cinco meses: estudio CORTEX-SP (Engagement of people diagnosed with schizophrenia in a five-month exercise program: CORTEX-SP study)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102995Palabras clave:
esquizofrenia, ejercicio comunitario, métodos cualitativos, salud ambiental, salud mentalResumen
Los programas de ejercicio representan recursos no farmacológicos útiles en la prevención y el tratamiento de trastornos mentales graves como la esquizofrenia (SZ), pero existen razones ya mencionadas (es decir, bajas tasas de participación). El objetivo del estudio era explorar la participación de las personas diagnosticadas de SZ en un programa de ejercicio de cinco meses de duración. Se utilizó un muestreo de criterio intencional para reclutar a 35 participantes diagnosticados de SZ. Los datos cualitativos se recogieron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, que se grabaron y transcribieron literalmente. Posteriormente, los datos se analizaron mediante un análisis temático. A partir del análisis se identificaron tres temas: factores intrapersonales (características y consecuencias clínicas del SZ y la farmacoterapia), factores interpersonales (relaciones con las personas que participan, profesionales sanitarios y familiares y amigos) y factores ambientales (organización del programa de ejercicio y percepción de los participantes respecto al programa). En conclusión, los síntomas y los tratamientos farmacológicos para la enfermedad, fueron percibidos como las principales barreras para realizar ejercicio físico para las personas participantes. El grupo de participantes otorgaron gran importancia a los factores interpersonales, percibieron el ambiente de grupo y el entorno del programa como ejes fundamentales del mismo. La presencia de profesionales sanitarios, así como el apoyo, también se percibieron como facilitadores del compromiso con el programa de ejercicio a la hora de participar en el programa.
Palabras clave: esquizofrenia, ejercicio comunitario, métodos cualitativos, salud ambiental, salud mental.
Abstract. exercise programs represent useful non-pharmacological resources in preventing and treating mental disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), but there are aforementioned reasons, (i.e., low rates of participation). The study aimed to explore the engagement of people diagnosed with SZ in a five-month exercise program. Therefore, purposive criterion sampling was utilized to recruit 35 participants who were diagnosed with SZ. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews; these were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data was subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified from the analysis: intrapersonal factors (characteristics and clinical consequences of the SZ and pharmacotherapy), interpersonal factors (relationships with people that participate, health professionals, and family and friends), and environmental factors (exercise program organization and participants’ perception regarding the program). In conclusion, the symptoms and pharmacological treatments for the illness were perceived to be the primary barriers to engaging in exercise for the participants. Participants gave great importance to interpersonal factors, they perceived the group atmosphere and the program environment to be fundamental axes of the program. The presence of healthcare professionals, as well as the support, were also perceived to facilitate engagement in the exercise program.
Keywords: schizophrenia, community exercise, qualitative methods, environmental health, mental health.
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