Youth demarginalisation strategies in Arab Mediterranean countries
Keywords:
youth, demarginalisation, marginalisation, Arab countries, waithoodAbstract
Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, nº 118
Quadrimestral (January-April 2018)
ISSN:1133-6595 | E-ISSN:2013-035X
DOI: doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2018.118.1.11
The delay in accessing adult social life suffered by young Arabs leaves them in an unusual social space in which they are neither children nor independent adults. They are at the "margins" of society. Nevertheless, this situation allows the generation of social opportunities and spaces for establishing and managing their own life plans, emancipation or alternative contemporaneities. If marginalisation means distance from hegemonic discourses, this chapter focuses on analysing the diverse routes the youth in Arab Mediterranean countries have developed to “escape” the economic, social and political marginalisation (demarginalisation strategies) imposed by the hegemonic adult-centrism of these societies. The results are extracted from analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data produced in the framework of the European SAHWA Project on young people in five Arab Mediterranean countries.
>> The full text articles of this issue are available only in Spanish language
References
Abaza, Mona. «Egyptianizyng the American Dream: Nasser City’s Shopping Malls, Public Order and the Privatized Military». En: Singerman, Diane y Amar, Paul (eds.). Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East. Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2009, p. 193-220.
Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1958.
Assad, Ragui y Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh. Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: demographic opportunity or challenge? Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 2007.
Backeberg, Leonie y Tholen, Jochen. «The frustrated generation youth exclusion in Arab Mediterranean societies». Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 21, n.º 4 (2017), p. 513-532.
Bayat, Asef. «Marginality: curse or cure». En: Bush, Ray y Ayeb, Habib (eds.). Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt. Londres: Zed Books, 2012, p. 14-27.
Bayat, Asef. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
Bennani-Chraïbi, Mounia y Farag, Iman (ed.). Jeunesse des sociétés arabes: par-delà les menaces et les menaces. Cairo: CEDEJ/Aux Lieux d’Etre, 2007.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Poder, derecho y clases sociales. Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer, 2000.
Bush, Ray y Ayeb, Habib (ed.). Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt. Londres: Zed Books, 2012.
Cantini, Daniele. «Questions of love and social acceptability among young Jordanians». Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Online Working Paper, n.º 22 (2012) (en línea) http://webdoc.urz.uni-halle.de/dl/290/pub/Online_Working_Paper_22_Cantini.pdf
CAWTAR-Centre of Arab Women Training and Research. «How gender affects young women opportunities in the Arab Mediterranean countries: Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia». SAHWA Policy Paper, n.º 7 (2017) (en línea) http://www.sahwa.eu/OUTPUTS/SAHWA-Policy-PapersISSN-2564-9167/SAHWA-s-Policy-Paper-on-women-opportunities-in-theAMCs-now-online
Crenshaw, Kimberle. «Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics». The University of Chicago Forum, vol. 1.989, n.º 1, art. 8 (1989), p. 139-167 (en línea) https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
Crenshaw, Kimberle. «Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color». Stanford Law Review, vol. 43, n.º 6 (1991), p. 1.241-1.299.
Deeb, Lara y Winegar, Jessica. «Anthropologies of Arab-Majority Societies». Annual Review of Anthropology, n.º 41 (2012), p. 537–58.
Duarte, Carlos. «Adultcentrism society: focusing on its origin and reproduction». Última Década, vol. 20, n.º 36 (2012), p. 99-125.
Fairclough, Norman. «El análisis crítico del discurso como método para la investigación en ciencias sociales». En: Wodak, Ruth y Meyer, Michael (comps.). Métodos de análisis crítico del discurso. Barcelona: Gedisa, 2003, p. 143-178.
Farthing, Rys. «The politics of youthful antipolitics: representing the “issue” of youth participation in politics». Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 13, n.º 2 (2010), p. 181-195.
Feixa, Carles y Sánchez García, Jose. «Youth Policies in Leisure education: “Peer Socialization” as Firewall for Youth Exclusion in AMC’s». SAHWA Policy Paper, n.º 4 (2016) (en línea) http://www.sahwa.eu/OUTPUTS/SAHWAPolicy-Reports-ISSN-2564-9159/Policy-report-on-leisure-education
Foucault, Michel. Hay que defender la sociedad. Curso del collège de france (1975–1976). Madrid: Akal, 2003.
Furlong, Andy. «Revisiting Transitional Metaphors: Reproducing Social Inequalities Under the Conditions of Late Modernity». Journal of Education and Work, vol. 22, n.º 5 (2009), p. 343-353.
Ghannam, Farha. Live y Die Like a Man. Gender Dynamics in Urban Egypt. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
Giddens, Anthony. Modernidad e identidad del yo. El yo y la sociedad en la época contemporánea. Barcelona: Península, 1997.
Göksel, Asuman; Şenyuva, Özgehan y Güngen, Sümercan Bozkurt. «Redefining and tackling (youth) unemployment in the Arab Mediterranean context». SAHWA Policy Paper, n.º 5 (2016) (en línea) https://www.cidob.org/publicaciones/serie_de_publicacion/sahwa_papers/policy_paper/redefining_and_tackling_youth_unemployment_in_the_arab_mediterranean_context
Guazzone, Laura y Pioppi, Daniela (eds.). The Arab State and Neo-liberal Globalization. The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East. Reading: Ithaca Press, 2009.
Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Londres: Sage, 1997.
Henry, Clement M. y Springborg, Robert (eds.). Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Honwana, Alcinda. Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa. Boulder, CO: Kumarian Press, 2012.
Martiningui, Ana. «Getting the job done in the Arab Mediterranean Countries». SAHWA Policy Paper, n.º 1 (2016) (en línea) http://www.sahwa.eu/OUTPUTS/SAHWA-Policy-Papers-ISSN-2564-9167/SAHWA-s-PolicyPaper-on-employment-in-the-AMCs-now-online
Mejjati Alami, Rajaa. «Les jeunes et l’informel au Maroc». SAHWA Scientific Paper, n.º 8 (2017) (en línea) https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/sahwa_papers/scientific_paper/les_jeunes_et_l_informel_au_maroc
Minialai, Caroline, Bossenbroek, Lisa y Ksikes, Driss. «Entrepreneurship: Young Moroccans’ way out?». En: Sánchez-Montijano, Elena y Sánchez, Jose (eds.). Youth at the Margins: Perspectives on Arab Mediterranean Youth. Londres: Routledge, en prensa.
Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad y Navtej, Dhillon. «Stalled youth transitions in the Middle East: A framework for policy reform». Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper, n.º 8 (2008) (en línea) https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/200810_middle_east_dhillon.pdf
Sánchez García, Jose. «Mahragan: classe, lazer e política no Cairo». Revista Tomo, n.º 31 (2017), p. 135-158.
Sánchez García, Jose y Feixa, Carles. «To be or not to be married: Marriage as Turning Point to Adulthood in 5 Arab Mediterranean countries». SAHWA Scientific Paper, n.º 6 (2017).
Sánchez García, Jose; Feixa, Carles y Laine, Sofia. «Contemporary Youth research in Arab Mediterranean Countries: mixing qualitative and quantitative methodologies». SAHWA Concept Paper, n.º 1 (2014) (en línea) http://www.sahwa.eu/OUTPUTS/Other-publications/SAHWA-Concept-PaperContemporary-Youth-Research-in-Arab-Mediterranean-Countries-MixingQualitative-and-Quantitative-Research
Sánchez-Montijano, Elena; Martínez, Irene; Bourekba, Moussa y Dal Zotto, Elena. SAHWA Youth Survey 2016 Descriptive Report. Barcelona: Barcelona CIDOB, 2017.
Sánchez-Montijano, Elena y Girona-Raventóz, Marina. «Arab Mediterranean youth migration: Who wants to leave, and why?» EuroMesco Policy Brief, n.º 73 (2017) (en línea) http://www.sahwa.eu/OUTPUTS/SAHWA-Policy-PapersISSN-2564-9167/Policy-paper-on-Arab-Mediterranean-youth-migration
Sidani, Yusuf y Thornberry, Jon. «Nepotism in the Arab World: An Institutional Theory Perspective». Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 23, n.º 1 (2013), p. 69-96.
Silver, Hilary. «Social exclusion: comparative analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth». Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper, n.º 1 (2007) (en línea) https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1087432
Singerman, Diane. Avenues of Participation. Family, politics and networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Singerman, Diane «The economic imperatives of marriage: emerging practices and identities among youth in the Middle East». Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper, n.º 6 (2007) (en línea) https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1087433
Stolle, Dietlind y Micheletti, Michele. Political consumerism: Global responsibility in action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
UN-United Nations. World Marriage Data 2015. UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2015), 2015 (en línea) http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/marriageunions/WMD2015.shtml
Vinken, Henk y Diepstraten, Isabell. «Buy Nothing Day in Japan: Individualizing life courses and forms of engagement». Young, vol. 18, n.º 1 (2010), p. 55-75.
Wacquant, Loïc. Parias Urbanos: marginalidad en la ciudad a comienzos del milenio. Buenos Aires: Manantial, 2007.
Willis, Paul. The Ethnographic Imagination. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.
Yuval-Davies, Nira. The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. Londres: University of East London, 2012.
