“Mobility of care” in Madrid: new criteria transport policies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2020.203.08Keywords:
Mobility of care, Gender equality, Transport policy, Transport behaviour, Mobility surveyAbstract
This article proposes a methodology for accurately measuring daily travel associated with care tasks: activities performed by adults for children and other dependents, and the maintenance of the home. These activities are statistically performed by women, often as unpaid work. The travels associated with these tasks are not well described in the transportation literature, and less considered by transportation policy agendas. We build the methodological framework for measuring this kind of travel around the innovative concept mobility of care (Sánchez de Madariaga 2009), which provides an umbrella category for the design of transportation statistics that takes into account gender dimensions in urban transportation. The chapter further provides an empirical study, which applies this methodology to analyse the daily mobility of women and men aged 30-45 years in the metropolitan region of Madrid.
Downloads
References
Audirac, I. (2008): Universal Design and Accessible Transit Systems: Facts to Consider when Updating or Expanding your Transit System. Washington, D.C.: Project Action.
Baylina, M. (1997): “Metodología cualitativa y estudios de geografía y género”. Documents d’anàlisi geogràfica. nº 30: 123-138.
Bernard, A. & Seguin, A. & Bussiere, Y. & Polacchini A. (1997): “Household Structure and Mobility Patterns of Women in O-D Surveys: Methods and Results Based on the Case Studies of Montreal and Paris”. En S. Rosenbloom (Eds.), Women’s Travel Issues: Proceedings from the Second National Conference, October 1996, (pp. 249-266), FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, TRB.
Blumen, O. (1994): “Gender Differences in the Journey to Work”. Urban Geography, Volumen nº 15, 3: 223-245.
Blumenberg, E. (2016): “Why Low-Income Women Need Cars”. Planning the Gendered City, Special Issue Town Planning Review, nº 87 (5): 525-545.
Bofill Levi, A. & Dumenjó Martí, R. M. & Segura Soriano, I. (1988): Las Mujeres y la ciudad: manual de recomendaciones para una concepción del entorno habitado desde el punto de vista del Género. Barcelona, España, Fundació Maria Aurelia Capmany.
Collins, D. & Tisdell, C. (2002): “Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles”. Journal of Travel Research. Volumen 41: 133-143.
Converse, P. (1970): “Attitude and no attitudes: Continuation of a Dialog”. En E.Tufte (ed.), The quantitative analysis of social problems, (pp. 168-189), Reading (Massachusetts, EE.UU.), Addison-Wesley. Department For Transport (2000): Women and Public Transport The Checklist. London: DETR.
Consorcio de Transporte de Madrid. 2004. Encuesta de movilidad de Madrid EDM.
Crane, R. (2007): Is There a Quiet Revolution in Women’s Travel? Revisiting the Gender Gap in Commuting. Journal of The American Planning Association, nº 73 (3): 298-316.
Eurostat (2007): “Harmonized European Time Use Survey (HETUS). Prepared Tables, Main Activities (2-Digit Level) by Sex and Country”. Stockholm: Statistics Sweden Population and Welfare Statistics. Eurostat http://www.h2.scb.se/tus/tus/
Generalitat de Catalunya (2006): Enquesta de mobilitat cuotidiana (EMQ06).
Gepken, F. (2002): “Como incorporar una perspectiva de género en la práctica corriente del planeamiento”. Trabajo presentado en: Segundo seminario Internacional de Género y Urbanismo, Escuela de Arquitectura Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 27-28 mayo.
Gilroy, R. & Booth, C. (1999): “Building Infrastructure for Everyday Lives”. European Planning Studies, nº 7.3: 307-324.
Gordon, P. & Kumar, A. & Richardson, H. W. (1989): “Gender Differences in Metropolitan Travel”. Regional Studies, Volumen 23, nº 6: 499-510.
Guiliano, G. (1979): “Public Transportation and the Travel Needs of Women”. Traffic Quarterly, Volumen 33, nº 4: 607-616.
Greed, C. & Devis, L., Brown, C. & Dühr, S. (2003): Gender Equality and Plan Making. London: Royal Town Planning Institute.
Grieco, M. &, Pickup L. & Whipp R. (1989): Gender and Transport: Employment and the Impact of Travel Constraints. Londres, Reino Unido, Avebury: Aldershot.
Grieco, M. & Mcquaid, R. (2012): “Special Issue Gender and transport: Transaction costs, competing claims and transport policy gaps”. Research in Transportation Economics nº 34: 1-86.
Hamilton, K. (1999): “Women and transport: Disadvantage and the gender divide”. Town and Country Planning, Volumen 68 (10): 318-19.
Hamilton, K. & Jenkins, L. & Hodgson, F. & Turner, J. (2005): “Promoting Gender Equality in Transport”. Working Paper Series, nº 34. Equal Opportunities Commission, Manchester.
Hanson, S. (1980a): “The importance of multi-purpose Journey to Work in Urban Travel Behavior”. Transportation, Volumen nº 9: 229-48.
Hanson, S. (1980b): “Spatial Diversification and Multipurpose Travel: Implications for Choice Theory”. Geographical Analysis, Volumen 12, nº 3: 245-57.
Hanson, S. & Pratt, G. (1995): Gender, Work and Space. New York, USA, Routledge.
Ilárraz, I. (2006): “Movilidad sostenible y equidad de género”. Zerbitzuan: Gizarte zerbitzuetarako aldizkaria = Revista de servicios sociales, nº 40: 61-66.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España www.ine.es Lucas, K. (2012): “Transport and social exclusion. Where are we now?” Transport Policy, Volumen nº 20: 105-113.
Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2016): “A Gendered View of Mobility and Transport”. Planning the Gendered City, Special Issue Town Planning Review, nº 87 (5): 547-565.
Mayntz, R. & Holm, K. & Hubner, P. (1976): Introduction to Empirical Sociology. Londres, Reino Unido, Penguin Books.
Mayor of London (2004): Expanding Horizons. Transport for London’s Women’s Action Plan.
Ministerio de Fomento (2007): Encuesta de Movilidad de las Personas Residentes. Movilia 2006. Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento.
NDP Gender Equality Unit (2004): How to incorporate gender equality into infrastructure, housing, transport, urban development, youth services. Londres, Reino Unido, Factsheets Reports 2000-04.
McGuckin, N. & Nakamoto, Y. (2005a): “Differences in Trip Chaining by Men and Women”. En United States National Research Council, Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation Report of a Conference, Volumen nº 2: Technical Papers. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office (GPO).
McGuckin, N. & Murakami, E. (2005b): “Examining Trip-Chaining Behavior: A Comparison of Men and Women”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Volumen 1917, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
O’Brien, M. & Shemilt, I. (2003): “Working Fathers: Earning and Caring”. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Oxley, J. & Charlton, J. (2011): “Gender Differences in Attitudes to and Mobility Impacts of Driving Cessation”. Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the Fourth International Conference, October 27-30, 2009, Irvine, California, Volumen 2: 64-73.
Washington, D.C.: United States National Research Council (NRC) Transportation Research Board. Pickup, L. (1985): “Women’s Gender-Role and Its Influence on Travel Behavior”. Built Environment, Volumen nº 10: 61-68.
Washington, D.C.: United States National Research Council (NRC) Transportation Research Board. Pickup, L. (1988): “Hard to get around: A study of women’s travel mobility”. En J. Little, L. Peake & p. Richardson (eds.). Women in Cities-Gender and the Urban Environment, New York: New York University Press.
Polk, M. (1996): “Swedish Men and Women’s Mobility Patters: Issues of Social Equality and Ecological Sustainability”. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/womens/chap11.pdf
Rohmer, H. (2007): “Gender Mainstreaming European Transport Research and Policy: Building the Knowledge Base and Mapping Good Practices”. Available at: http://koensforskning.soc.ku.dk/projekter/transgen/
Root, A. & Schintler, L. & Button, K. (2000): “Women, Travel and the Idea of Sustainable Transport”. Transport Reviews, Volumen 20, nº 3: 369-383.
Rosenbloom, S. (1989): “Trip-Chaining Behavior: A Comparative and Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Complicated Travel Patterns of Working Mothers”. En L. Pickup & M. Grieco (eds.) Gender, Transport and Employment, Capitulo 4. London, Reino Unido, Gower Publishing Co.
Rosenbloom, S. (1995): “Travel by Women”. National Personal Transportation Survey. 1990 NTPS Report Series, Demographic Special Reports, Washington D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Rosenbloom, S. (1996): “Women’s travel Issues: Proceedings from the Second National Conference”. Washington D. C.: Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Rosenbloom, S. (1998): Trends in Women’s Travel Patterns. The University of California. Transportation Center. Berkeley.
Rosenbloom, S. & Burns, E. (1993): Gender differences in commuter travel in Tucson (Arizona). University of California Transportation Center. Berkeley.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (2004): Urbanismo con perspectiva de género. Fondo Social Europeo- Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (2009): “Transporte metropolitano y grupos sociales: propuestas para una mejor planificación”. Report for CEDEX. Madrid: Ministry of Infrastructure.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (2010): “Housing, mobility and planning for equality in diversity: cities, gender and dependence”. VVAA Social housing and city, Ministerio de Vivienda: 177-197.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (2013): “From women in transport to gender in transport. challenging conceptual frameworks for improved policy making”. The Gender Issue: Beyond Exclusion, special issue, Journal of International Affairs, Volumen 67, nº 1: 43-66. Columbia Univer-sity, NY.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés & Roberts, M. (2013): “The mobility of care. Introducing new concepts in urban transportation”. En I. Sánchez de Madariaga & M. Roberts (eds.) Fair Shared Cities. The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Londres, Reino Unido, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés & Neuman, M. (2016): “Mainstreaming Gender in the City”. Planning the Gendered City, Special Issue Town Planning Review, n º 87 (5): 493-504.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés & Zucchini, Elena (2018): “Measuring Mobilities of Care, a Challenge for Transport Agendas”, en Christina Lindkvist Scholten & Tanja Joelsson (Eds): Integrating Gender into Transport Planning, New York-London: Springer.
Schiebinger, L. & Klinge, I. & Sánchez de Madariaga, I.& Schraudner, M. (2013): “Gender Innovations in Science, Health and Medicine, Engineering and Environment”, genderinnovations.stanford.edu, launched 2011.
Schulz, D. & Gilbert, S. (1996): “Women and Transit Security: A New Look at an Old Issue”. Proceedings of the Women’s Travel Issues Second National Conference, October 25-27, Baltimore.
Stiewe, M. (2012): “Gender and Mobility-Everyday Mobility during changing Gender relations”. 26th AESOP Annual Congress, July 11-15 Ankara, Turkey.
Swedish Road Administration (SRA). (2009): “The Road Transport Sector-Sectoral Report 2008”. Stockholm: SRA.
Swedish Road Administration (SRA). (2010): “The Road Transport Sector- Sectoral Report 2009”. Stockholm: SRA.
Transportation Research Board (2004, 2009, 2011): Research on Women’s Issues. Transportation Conference, Report of conference proceedings, TRB, Washington, D.C. Transportation Research Board of the US National Academies, http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/164708.aspx
Transport of London (2007): Gender Equality Scheme. Londres, Reino Unido, Group Publishing.
Turner, J. & Grieco, M. (1998): “Gender and Time Poverty: The neglected social policy implications of gender for time, transport and travel”. Trabajo presentado a International Conference on Time Use. Luneberg: University of Luneberg. http://www.geocities.com/margaret_grieco/womenont/time/.html
Turner, J. & Hamilton k. & Spitzner m. (2006): Women and Transport Report. European Parliament.
Ullmann, F. (2013): “Choreography of life”. En I. Sánchez de Madariaga & M. Roberts (eds.): Fair Shared Cities. The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Londres, UK, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Uteng, T. P. & Cresswell, T. (2008): Gendered Mobilities, New York: Ashgate.
United States Bureau of Labour Statistics (2011): American Time Use Survey-2010 Results. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of Labour.
United States Federal Highway Administration (2009): National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) Summary of Travel and Trends. Washington, D. C.: Government Publishing Office (GPO).
Wekerle, G. (1992): A Working Guide to Planning and Designing Safer Cities. Toronto: City of Toronto Planning and Development Department.
Wekerle, G. & Rutherford, B. (1987): “Employed Women in the Suburbs: Transportation Disadvantage”. Car-Centered Environment, Alternatives: Perspectives on Society, Technology, and Environment 14, nº. 3-4: 49-54.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Inés SÁNCHEZ-DE MADARIAGA, Elena ZUCCHINI

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Considering the provisions of the current legislation on Intellectual Property, and in accordance with them, all authors publishing in CyTET give -in a non-exclusive way and without time limit- to the Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda the rights to disseminate, reproduce, communicate and distribute in any current or future format, on paper or electronic, the original or derived version of their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 license International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), as well as to include or assign to third parties the inclusion of its content in national and international indexes, repositories and databases, with reference and recognition in any case of its authorship.
In addition, when sending the work, the author(s) declares that it is an original work in which the sources that have been used are recognized, committing to respect the scientific evidence, to no longer modify the original data and to verify or refute its hypothesis. Author(s) also declare that the essential content of the work has not been previously published nor will it be published in any other publication while it is under evaluation by CyTET; and that it has not been simultaneously sent to another journal.
Authors must sign a Transfer of Rights Form, which will be sent to them from the CyTET Secretariat once the article is accepted for publication.
With the aim of promoting the dissemination of knowledge, CyTET joins the Open Journal Access (OA) movement and delivers all of its content to various national and international indexes, repositories and databases under this protocol; therefore, the submission of a work to be published in the journal presupposes the explicit acceptance by the author of this distribution method.
Authors are encouraged to reproduce and host their work published in CyTET in institutional repositories, web pages, etc. with the intention of contributing to the improvement of the transfer of knowledge and the citation of said works.



Enlace a CyTET en Linkedin