Estilos educativos parentales desde la perspectiva de los progenitores y menores
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INTRODUCCIÓN. La construcción de los estilos educativos parentales es diversa y estos se van desarrollando con la educación de los menores. La teoría de la autodeterminación (TAD) establece dos dimensiones para definir los comportamientos parentales: apoyo a la autonomía versus control, estructura versus caos. Partiendo de la TAD, se construyen dos estilos educativos: autoritativo y severo. Este estudio analiza la relación entre la percepción de los progenitores y la de los menores acerca de los estilos educativos parentales y la influencia del género del progenitor. MÉTODO. 2.404 progenitores y 1.234 hijos/hijas procedentes de tres comunidades autónomas españolas cumplimentaron el cuestionario para padres/madres: “Los progenitores como contexto social”, “Escala de Apoyo parental percibido” y “Escala de control psicológico orientado a la dependencia”. Todos los instrumentos fueron adaptados al castellano. Se llevó a cabo un path analysis multigrupo para identificar el modelo más adecuado sobre los estilos educativos parentales en la dinámica familiar, teniendo en cuenta el género del progenitor. RESULTADOS. A través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio se verificaron los dos estilos educativos parentales. Se confirma que el modelo ideal era aquel donde no hay bidireccionalidad entre las percepciones de los progenitores acerca de sus conductas parentales y las de sus hijos/hijas. El modelo elegido muestra una unidireccionalidad desde los padres hacia los menores. Siendo necesario mantener la relación entre la percepción del menor sobre el apoyo a la autonomía y el control parental recibidos. La invarianza del modelo basándose en el género fue parcial. DISCUSIÓN. Este estudio revela un modelo donde el estilo autoritativo influye en el apoyo parental percibido por el menor y el estilo severo determina el miedo percibido. Se discute el concepto de control psicológico parental. Por último, se propone un equilibrio, dentro de la familia, entre el estilo autoritativo y el severo.
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