Les styles d’éducation parentale au regard des parents et des enfants
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INTRODUCTION. La construction des styles d’éducation parentale est diverse et ceux-ci évoluent au fur et à mesure avec l’éducation des enfants. La théorie de l’autodétermination (TDA) établit deux dimensions pour définir les comportements parentaux : le soutien à l’autonomie versus contrôle et structure versus chaos. Sur la base de cette théorie deux styles éducatifs sont construits : l’autoritaire et le sévère. Cette étude analyse la relation entre la perception des parents et celle des enfants à propos des styles d’éducation parentale, ainsi que l’influence de la dimension de genre. MÉTHODE. 2404 parents et 1234 enfants, issus de trois communautés autonomes espagnoles, ont répondu au questionnaire sur la parentalité : “Parents en tant que contexte social”, “Échelle de soutien parental perçu”, “Échelle de contrôle psychologique orienté vers la dépendance”. Tous les instruments ont été adaptés à l’espagnol. Une analyse de cheminement multigroupe a été effectuée pour identifier le modèle le plus adéquat parmi les styles d’éducation parentale dans la dynamique familiale, en considérant le genre des parents. RÉSULTATS. Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire à permis de vérifier les deux styles d’éducation parentale. Il est confirmé que le modèle idéal est celui où il n’y a pas de bidirectionnalité entre les perceptions des parents sur leurs propres comportements et celles des leurs enfants. Le modèle choisi montre l’unidirectionalité qui va des parents vers les enfants. La relation entre la perception par l’enfant du soutien à l’autonomie et le contrôle parental reçu doit être maintenue. L’invariance du modèle en fonction du genre a été partielle. DISCUSSION. Cette étude révèle un modèle où le style autoritaire influence le soutien parental perçu par l’enfant et le style sévère détermine la peur perçue. Le concept de contrôle psychologique parental est aussi abordé. Enfin, au sein de la famille un équilibre, entre le style autoritaire et le style sévère, est proposé.
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