Parental educational styles from parents’ and children’s perspectives
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. The construction of parental educational styles is diverse and they develop along with the children being raised. Self Determination Theory (SDT) establishes two dimensions to define parental educational behaviours: autonomy support versus control, and structure versus chaos. On the basis of SDT, two parental educational styles are pointed: authoritative and harsh. This study analyses the relationship between parental education styles and children’s perceptions of their parents’ behaviours, and the influence of the parent gender. METHOD. The sample comprised 2,404 parents, and 1,234 children from 3 autonomous communities in Spain. The Parents as social context questionnaire was applied, and the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale and Dependency-oriented psychological control scale in children. All of the instruments were adapted into Spanish. Multigroup path analysis was performed to identify the most appropriate model about parental educational styles in family dynamics, taking into account the parent’s gender. RESULTS. Firstly, the authoritative and harsh parental styles were confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis. The findings showed that the ideal model was that where there was no bi-directionality between parents’ perceptions about their educational styles and their children’s perceptions. The chosen model indicates a unidirectional path from parents to children. Being necessary to keep a relation between the child’s perception about the received support for autonomy and parental control. The invariance of the model based on the gender was partially maintained. DISCUSSION. This study shows a model where the authoritative parental style influences child’s perceived autonomy support and where the harsh parental style has effects on child’s perceived threat. The concept of parental psychological control has been discussed. Finally, a balance between authoritative and harsh style, is proposed inside families.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at statistical model identification. Transactions on Automatic Control, AC-19, 716-723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
Aldhafri, S. (2020). Children’s perceptions of parenting styles: Ten years of research with Omani families. In Families and Social Change in the Gulf Region, 60-79. Taylor and Francis.
Allmann, A. E., Klein, D. N. & Kopala-Sibley, D. C. (2021). Bidirectional and transactional relationships between parenting styles and child symptoms of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety over 6 years. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421000201
Aroca, C. & Cánovas, P. (2012). Los estilos educativos parentales desde los modelos interactivo y de construcción conjunta: revisión de las investigaciones. Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 24(2), 149-176. https://doi.org/10.14201/10359
Aroca, C., Cánovas, P. & Sahuquillo, P. (2014). Los estilos educativos. En P. Cánovas y P. Sahuquillo (coord.), Familias y menores: retos y propuestas pedagógicas (pp. 195-232). Tirant lo Blanch.
Atitsogbe, K., Moummoula, I., Rochat, R., Antonietti, J. Ph. & Rossier, J. (2018). Vocational interests and career indecision in Switzerland and Burkina Faso: Cross-cultural similarities and differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.04.002
Axpe, I., Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Goñi, E. & Antonio-Aguirre, I. (2019). Parental socialization styles: The contribution of paternal and maternal affect/communication and strictness to family socialization style. International Journal Of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122204
Baumrind, D. (1967). Childcare practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 41(1), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
Bernal, T., Melendro, M., Charry, C. L., & Goig, Rosa. (2020). La influencia de la familia y la educación en la autonomía de los jóvenes: una revisión sistemática. Bordón: Revista de pedagogía, 72(2), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2020.76175
Cappa, K. A., Begle, A. M., Conger, J. C. Dumas, J. & Conger, A. (2011). Bidirectional Relationships between Parenting Stress and Child Coping Competence: Findings from the Pace Study. Journal of Child Family Studies, 20, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9397-0
Chyung, Y. J., Lee, Y. A., Ahn, S. J. & Bang, H. S. (2022). Associations of Perceived Parental Psychological Control with Depression, Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 58(2), 158-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2021.1941496
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Egeli, N. A., Rogers, W. T., Rinaldi, C. M. & Cui, Y. (2015). Exploring the factor structure of the revised-parent as a social context questionnaire. Parenting, 15(4), 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2015.1053334
Fernández-Alonso, R., Suárez-Álvarez, J. & Muñiz-Fernández, J. (2012). Imputación de datos perdidos en las evaluaciones diagnósticas educativas. Psicothema, 24(1), 167-175. https://www.psicothema.com/pii?pii=3995
Fernández-García, C.-M., Rodríguez-Menéndez, C. & Peña-Calvo, J.-V. (2017). Parental control in interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory: a study with a Spanish sample using Parents’ Version of Parental Acceptation-Rejection/Control Questionnaire. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(3), 652-659. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.260591
Filippello, P., Buzzai, C., Messina, G., Mafodda, A. V. & Sorrenti, L. (2020). School refusal in students with low academic performances and specific learning disorder. The role of self-esteem and perceived parental psychological control. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 67(6), 592-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1626006
García, O. F., Fuentes, M. C., Gracia, E., Serra, E. & García, F. (2020). Parenting warmth and strictness across three generations: Parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 1-18. https://doi.org//10.3390/ijerph17207487
García-Pérez, O., Rodríguez-Menéndez, C., Torío-López, S. & Rodríguez-Pérez, S. (2019). Validation of the Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS) in a Spanish-speaking late adolescent sample. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 35(3), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.3.329991
Grolnick, W., Raftery-Helmer, J., Marbell, K., Flamm, E., Cardemil, E. & Sánchez, M. (2014). Parental provision of structure: implementation and correlates in three domains. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 60(3), 355-384. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.3.0355.
Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. & Spielberger, C. (eds.) (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
Hentges, R. F., Graham, S. A., Plamondon, A., Tough, S. & Madigan, S. (2021). Bidirectional associations between maternal depression, hostile parenting, and early child emotional problems: Findings from the all our families cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.056
Hickey, E. J., Bolt, D., Rodriguez, G. & Hartley, S. (2020). Bidirectional Relations between Parent Warmth and Criticism and the Symptoms and Behavior Problems of Children with Autism. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 865-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00628-5
Johnco, C. J., Magson, N. R., Fardouly, J., Oar, E. L., Forbes, M. K., Richardson, C. & Rapee, R. M. (2021). The role of parenting behaviors in the bidirectional and intergenerational transmission of depression and anxiety between parents and early adolescent youth. Depression and anxiety, 38(12), 1256-1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23197
Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A. & Koestner, R. (2014). Promoting optimal parenting and children’s mental health: A preliminary evaluation of the how-to parenting program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(6), 949-964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9751-0.
Luo, Y., Chen, F., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Zhou, Q. & Wang, Y. (2021). Profiles of maternal and paternal parenting styles in Chinese families: Relations to preschoolers’ psychological adjustment. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105787
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. Mussen and E. M. Hetherington (eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, volume IV: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-101). Wiley.
Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E. & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the perceived parental autonomy support scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 47(3), 251-262. https://doi.org//10.1037/a0039325
Marsh, H. W. & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: first-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562-582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562
Mayuri, K., Divya, V. & Kiran, K. (2015). Parenting styles as perceived by parents and children. International Journal of Science and Research, 6, 978-982. https://www.ijsr.net/get_abstract.php?paper_id=ART20176089
Milfont, T. L. & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Son, D. & Nelson, L. J. (2021). Profiles of helicopter parenting, parental warmth, and psychological control during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 9(2), 132-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818823626
Romm, K. F., Metzger, A. & Alvis, L. M. (2020). Parental psychological control and adolescent problematic outcomes: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(1), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01545-y
Savickas, M. L. & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). The career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 661- 673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Skinner, E., Johnson, S. & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and practice, 5(2), 175-235. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
Soenens, B. & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30, 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. & Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a Domain-Specific Approach to the Study of Parental Psychological Control: Distinguishing Between Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 217-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00614.x
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater: applying the principle of universalism without uniformity to autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12103
Torío-López, S., Peña-Calvo, J.-V. & Rodríguez-Menéndez, M.-C. (2008). Estilos educativos parentales: revisión bibliográfica y reformulación teórica. Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 20, 151-178. https://doi.org/10.14201/988
Xerxa, Y., Rescolar, L., Van der Ende, J. Hillegers, Manon, Verhulst, F. C. & Tiemeier, H. (2021). From Parent to Child to Parent: Associations Between Parent and Offspring Psychopathology. Child Development, 92(1), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13402
Zhang, J., Lee, S. K., Piehler, T. F., Gewirtz, A. H. & August, G. J. (2020). Bidirectional relations between parenting practices and child externalizing behaviors in formerly homeless families: A random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis. Parenting, 20(3), 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2019.1694833
Zhou, A. M. & Buss, K. A. (2021). Trajectories of internalizing symptoms in early childhood: Associations with maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(5), 1295-1308. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22104