Recomendaciones para la rehabilitación respiratoria extrahospitalaria en pacientes con COVID persistente
##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:
https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.0978Gako-hitzak:
COVID-19, COVID persistente, Rehabilitación pulmonar, Fisioterapia respiratoriaLaburpena
La aparición de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un problema de salud pública mundial, provocando una elevada presión en los sistemas sanitarios. Las secuelas de esta enfermedad han puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la rehabilitación en pacientes COVID persistente, implicando en el proceso a diferentes profesionales. El tratamiento de las secuelas respiratorias en fase ambulatoria de esta reciente enfermedad es un campo especializado y parece oportuno ofrecer una serie de recomendaciones prácticas de rehabilitación cardio-respiratoria que ayuden a todos los profesionales implicados en la tarea de tratar este tipo de secuelas una vez superada la fase hospitalaria. Esta revisión de la literatura ofrece diez aspectos clave de fisioterapia respiratoria que incluyen la valoración, los parámetros que se deben monitorizar y los signos de alerta, así como las técnicas respiratorias específicas y otros ejercicios prácticos que se deben realizar en esta población.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Erreferentziak
WANG C, HORBY PW, HAYDEN FG, GAO GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020; 395: 470-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
TANNE JH, HAYASAKI E, ZASTROW M, PULLA P, SMITH P, RADA AG. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. BMJ 2020; 368: m1090. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1090
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19-27 April 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19
Ministerio de Sanidad. Gobierno de España. Situación actual. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2021. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/situacionActual.htm
SALEHI S, ABEDI A, BALAKRISHNAN S, GHOLAMREZANEZHAD A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19): a systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215: 87-93. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23034
KREUTZ R, ALGHARABLY EAE, AZIZI M, DOBROWOLSKI P, GUZIK T, JANUSZEWICZ A et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116: 1688-1699. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
POLASTRI M, LAZZERI M, JÁCOME C, VITACCA M, COSTI S, CLINI E et al. Rehabilitative practice in Europe: roles and competencies of physiotherapists. Are we learning something new from COVID-19 pandemic? Pulmonology 2021: S2531-0437(21)00006-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.12.014
AGOSTINI F, MANGONE M, RUIU P, PAOLUCCI T, SANTILLI V, BERNETTI A. Rehabilitation setting during and after Covid-19: An overview on recommendations. J Rehabil Med 2021; 53: jrm00141. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2776
MEDRINAL C, PRIEUR G, BONNEVIE T, GRAVIER FE, MAYARD D, DESMALLES E et al. Muscle weakness, functional capacities and recovery for COVID-19 ICU survivors. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-021-01274-0
HUANG C, HUANG L, WANG Y, LI X, REN L, GU X et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397: 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8
BARKER-DAVIES RM, O'SULLIVAN O, SENARATNE KPP, BAKER P, CRANLEY M, DHARM-DATTA S et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med. 2020; 54: 949-959. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
ARNANZ I, MARTÍNEZ M, GARCÍA S, BLASCO R, BENEDITO T, SANZ M. Las escalas en la COVID-19 persistente. Med Gen Fam 2021; 10: 79-84.
PUCHNER B, SAHANIC S, KIRCHMAIR R, PIZZINI A, SONNWEBER B, WÖLL E et al. Beneficial effects of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation in postacute COVID-19: an observational cohort study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2021; 57: 189-198. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.21.06549-7
AL CHIKHANIE Y, VEALE D, SCHOEFFLER M, PÉPIN JL, VERGES S, HÉRENGT F. Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19 respiratory failure patients post-ICU. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 287: 103639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103639
SPRUIT MA, HOLLAND AE, SINGH SJ, TONIA T, WILSON KC, TROOSTERS T. COVID-19: Interim guidance on rehabilitation in the hospital and post-hospital phase from a European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society-coordinated International Task Force. Eur Respir J 2020; 56: 2002197. doi:10.1183/13993003.02197-2020
HAINES KJ, BERNEY S. Physiotherapists during COVID-19: usual business, in unusual times. J Physiother 2020; 66: 67-69. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.012
Sociedad española de médicos generales y de familia (SEMG), LongcovidACTS. Guía para la atención al paciente con COVID persistente. 2021. https://www.semg.es/images/2021/documentos/guia_clinica_covid_persistent_20210501_version_final.pdf
DEMECO A, MAROTTA N, BARLETTA M, PINO I, MARINARO C, PETRAROLI A et al. Rehabilitation of patients post-COVID-19 infection: a literature review. J Int Med Res 2020; 48: 300060520948382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520948382
SHEEHY LM. Considerations for Postacute rehabilitation for survivors of COVID-19. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6: e19462. https://doi.org/10.2196/19462
SMITH JM, LEE AC, ZELEZNIK H, COFFEY SCOTT JP, FATIMA A, NEEDHAM DM et al. Home and community-based physical therapist management of adults with post-intensive care syndrome. Phys Ther 2020; 100: 1062-1073. doi:10.1093/ptj/pzaa059
TARIGHI P, EFTEKHARI S, CHIZARI M, SABERNAVAEI M, JAFARI D, MIRZABEIGI P. A review of potential suggested drugs for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895: 173890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173890
CHENG YY, CHEN CM, HUANG WC, CHIANG SL, HSIEH PC, LIN KL et al. Rehabilitation programs for patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: consensus statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120: 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.015
GEROTZIAFAS GT, CATALANO M, COLGAN MP, PECSVARADY Z, WAUTRECHT JC, FAZELI B et al. Guidance for the management of patients with vascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19: position paper from VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120: 1597-1628. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715798
LUKASZEWICZ K, HILLEGASS E, PUTHOFF ML, MACPHEDRAN AK. Clinical update for physical therapists: coagulopathy and COVID-19. Phys Ther 2020; 100: 2127-2133. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa157
KONSTANTINIDES SV, MEYER G, BECATTINI C, BUENO H, GEERSING GJ, HARJOLA VP et al. The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J 2019; 54: 1901647. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01647-2019
TORRES-CASTRO R, SOLIS-NAVARRO L, SITJÀ-RABERT M, VILARÓ J. Functional Limitations Post-COVID-19: A Comprehensive assessment strategy. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57 (Suppl 1): 7-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2020.07.025
KLOK FA, BOON GJAM, BARCO S, ENDRES M, GEELHOED JJM, KNAUSS S et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2020; 56: 2001494. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01494-2020
MACHADO FVC, MEYS R, DELBRESSINE JM, VAES AW, GOËRTZ YMJ, VAN HERCK M et al. Construct validity of the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale in adult subjects with COVID-19. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01691-2
SIBILA O, MOLINA-MOLINA M, VALENZUELA C, RÍOS-CORTÉS A, ARBILLAGA-ETXARRI A, TORRALBA GARCÍA Y et al. Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR) para el seguimiento clínico post-COVID-19. Open Respiratory Archives 2020; 2: 278-83. doi:10.1016/j.opresp.2020.09.002
Área de asma de SEPAR; Área de enfermería de SEPAR; Departamento de asma ALAT. Consenso SEPAR-ALAT sobre terapia inhalada. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013; 49 (Suppl 1): 2-14.
NÚÑEZ-CORTÉS R, RIVERA-LILLO G, ARIAS-CAMPOVERDE M, SOTO-GARCÍA D, GARCÍA-PALOMERA R, TORRES-CASTRO R. Use of sit-to-stand test to assess the physical capacity and exertional desaturation in patients post COVID-19. Chron Respir Dis 2021; 18: 1479973121999205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479973121999205
.GIMENO-SANTOS E, HERRERO CORTINA B, MARTÍ ROMEU JD, VILARÓ CASAMITJANA J. Auscultación pulmonar. En: Martí Romeu J, Vendrell Relat M, editores. Técnicas manuales e instrumentales para el drenaje de secreciones bronquiales en el paciente adulto. Manual SEPAR de procedimientos. Barcelona: Editorial Respira, 2013; 16-26
SGALLA G, WALSH SLF, SVERZELLATI N, FLETCHER S, CERRI S, DIMITROV B, et al. Velcro-type crackles predict specific radiologic features of fibrotic interstitial lung disease. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18: 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0670-0
SELLARÉS J, HERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ F, LUCENA CM, PARADELA M, BRITO-ZERÓN P, PRIETO-GONZÁLEZ S et al. Auscultation of velcro crackles is associated with usual interstitial pneumonia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e2573. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002573
RAI DK, SHARMA P, KUMAR R. Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis. Is it real threat? Indian J Tuberc 2021; 68: 330-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.003
MELO-OLIVEIRA ME, SÁ-CAPUTO D, BACHUR JA, PAINEIRAS-DOMINGOS LL, SONZA A, LACERDA AC et al. Reported quality of life in countries with cases of COVID19: a systematic review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15: 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1826315
MAZZA MG, DE LORENZO R, CONTE C, POLETTI S, VAI B, BOLLETTINI I et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89: 594-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037
HOSEY MM, NEEDHAM DM. Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6: 60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0201-1
MYERS EA, SMITH DA, ALLEN SR, KAPLAN LJ. Post-ICU syndrome: rescuing the undiagnosed. JAAPA 2016; 29: 34-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000481401.21841.32
MARTIN-MARTINEZ A, ORTEGA O, VIÑAS P, ARREOLA V, NASCIMENTO W, COSTA A et al. COVID-19 is associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia and malnutrition in hospitalized patients during the spring 2020 wave of the pandemic. Clin Nutr 2021; S0261-5614(21)00297-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.010
ROUHANI MJ, CLUNIE G, THONG G, LOVELL L, ROE J, ASHCROFT M et al. A prospective study of voice, swallow, and airway outcomes following tracheostomy for COVID-19. Laryngoscope 2021; 131: E1918-E1925. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.29346
TURRA GS, SCHWARTZ IVD, ALMEIDA ST, MARTINEZ CC, BRIDI M, BARRETO SSM. Efficacy of speech therapy in post-intubation patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia: a randomized controlled trial. Codas 2021; 33: e20190246. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20202019246
LUCCHINI A, BAMBI S, MATTIUSSI E, ELLI S, VILLA L, BONDI H et al. Prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a retrospective analysis of complications. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2020; 39: 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000393
JOLLEY SE, BUNNELL AE, HOUGH CL. ICU-acquired weakness. Chest 2016; 150: 1129-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.045
SIVAKUMAR G, PRABHU K, BALIGA R, PAI MK, MANJUNATHA S. Acute effects of deep breathing for a short duration (2-10 minutes) on pulmonary functions in healthy young volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 55: 154-159.
ALAPARTHI GK, AUGUSTINE AJ, ANAND R, MAHALE A. comparison of diaphragmatic breathing exercise, volume and flow incentive spirometry, on diaphragm excursion and pulmonary function in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Minim Invasive Surg 2016; 1967532. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1967532
KUMAR AS, ALAPARTHI GK, AUGUSTINE AJ, PAZHYAOTTAYIL ZC, RAMAKRISHNA A, KRISHNAKUMAR SK. Comparison of flow and volume incentive spirometry on pulmonary function and exercise tolerance in open abdominal surgery: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: KC01-6. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/16164.7064
TOMICH GM, FRANÇA DC, DIÓRIO AC, BRITTO RR, SAMPAIO RF, PARREIRA VF. Breathing pattern, thoracoabdominal motion and muscular activity during three breathing exercises. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40: 1409-1417. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000165
RODRIGUEZ-LARRAD A, VELLOSILLO-ORTEGA JM, RUIZ-MUNETA C, ABECIA-INCHAURREGUI LC, SECO J. Los ejercicios respiratorios postoperatorios reducen el riesgo de complicaciones pulmonares en pacientes sometidos a lobectomía. Arch Bronconeumol 2016; 52: 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2015.11.017
HENZEL MK, SHULTZ JM, DYSON-HUDSON TA, SVIRCEV JN, DIMARCO AF, GATER DR JR. Initial assessment and management of respiratory infections in persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders in the COVID-19 era. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1: 1404-1412. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12282
RUBIERA PONGA C, QUISPE-MAURICIO ÁP, SÁNCHEZ-CARPINTERO ABAD M. Massive pneumomediastinum in a COVID-19 patient. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57 (Suppl 2): 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2020.12.015
LAI CC, SHIH TP, KO WC, TANG HJ, HSUEH PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
TOBIN MJ, LAGHI F, JUBRAN A. Narrative review: ventilator-induced respiratory muscle weakness. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 240-245. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-4-201008170-00006
HERMANS G, VAN DEN BERGHE G. Clinical review: intensive care unit acquired weakness. Crit Care 2015; 19: 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0993-7
MUÑOZ G, DE GRACIA J, BUXÓ M, ALVAREZ A, VENDRELL M. Long-term benefits of airway clearance in bronchiectasis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2018; 51: 1701926. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01926-2017
FRANKS LJ, WALSH JR, HALL K, JACUINDE G, YERKOVICH S, MORRIS NR. Comparing the performance characteristics of different positive expiratory pressure devices. Respir Care 2019; 64: 434-444. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06410
MCCORMACK P, BURNHAM P, SOUTHERN KW. Autogenic drainage for airway clearance in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10: CD009595. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009595.pub2
LEWIS LK, WILLIAMS MT, OLDS TS. The active cycle of breathing technique: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2012; 106: 155-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.10.014.
FINK JB. Forced expiratory technique, directed cough, and autogenic drainage. Respir Care 2007; 52: 1210-1221.
SPINOU A. A review on cough augmentation techniques: assisted inspiration, assisted expiration and their combination. Physiol Res 2020; 69 (Suppl 1): S93-S103. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934407
FERNÁNDEZ-CARMONA A, OLIVENCIA-PEÑA L, YUSTE-OSSORIO ME, PEÑAS-MALDONADO L; Grupo de Trabajo de Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica Domiciliaria de Granada. Ineffective cough and mechanical mucociliary clearance techniques. Med Intensiva 2018; 42: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2017.05.003
CAMELA F, GALLUCCI M, RICCI G. Cough and airway clearance in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Paediatr Respir Rev 2019; 31: 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2018.11.001
LECHTZIN N, WOLFE LF, FRICK KD. The Impact of high-frequency chest wall oscillation on healthcare use in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13: 904-909. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-597OC
BELLI S, PRINCE I, SAVIO G, PARACCHINI E, CATTANEO D, BIANCHI M et al. Airway clearance techniques: the right choice for the right patient. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 544826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.544826
CABILLIC M, GOUILLY P, REYCHLER G. [Manual airway clearance techniques in adults and adolescents: What level of evidence?]. Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35: 495-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2015.12.004
POSTIAUX, G. Kinesitherapie et bruits respiratoires. Nouveau paradigme: nourrisson, enfant, adulte. Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boek Supériéur, 2016.
VOSTATEK P, NOVÁK D, RYCHNOVSKÝ T, RYCHNOVSKÁ S. Diaphragm postural function analysis using magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8: e56724. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056724
HOPPER SI, MURRAY SL, FERRARA LR, SINGLETON JK. Effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing for reducing physiological and psychological stress in adults: a quantitative systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2019; 17: 1855-1876. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003848
ISHII N, TOMITA K, SUETAKE S, OKUNO Y, KAWAMURA K, TAKESHIMA R et al. Oxygen cost of thoracic and diaphragmatic breathing during hyperventilation in healthy males. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30: 238-241. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.238
MOTIEJUNAITE J, BALAGNY P, ARNOULT F, MANGIN L, BANCAL C, D'ORTHO MP et al. Hyperventilation: a possible explanation for long-lasting exercise intolerance in mild COVID-19 survivors? Front Physiol 2021; 11: 614590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.614590
RUSSO MA, SANTARELLI DM, O'ROURKE D. The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheff) 2017; 13: 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.009817
DICK TE, MIMS JR, HSIEH YH, MORRIS KF, WEHRWEIN EA. Increased cardio-respiratory coupling evoked by slow deep breathing can persist in normal humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204: 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.013
JERATH R, EDRY JW, BARNES VA, JERATH V. Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67: 566-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.042
LANZA FDE C, DE CAMARGO AA, ARCHIJA LR, SELMAN JP, MALAGUTI C, DAL CORSO S. Chest wall mobility is related to respiratory muscle strength and lung volumes in healthy subjects. Respir Care 2013; 58: 2107-2112. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02415
MARTEL J, KO YF, YOUNG JD, OJCIUS DM. Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? Microbes Infect 2020; 22: 168-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002
TÖRNBERG DC, MARTEUS H, SCHEDIN U, ALVING K, LUNDBERG JO, WEITZBERG E. Nasal and oral contribution to inhaled and exhaled nitric oxide: a study in tracheotomized patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00273502
SERRANO C, VALERO A, PICADO C. Óxido nítrico nasal. Arch Bronconeumol 2004; 40: 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1579-2129(06)70088-x
HOFFMAN M, AUGUSTO VM, EDUARDO DS, SILVEIRA BMF, LEMOS MD, PARREIRA VF. Inspiratory muscle training reduces dyspnea during activities of daily living and improves inspiratory muscle function and quality of life in patients with advanced lung disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2019: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1656314
BISSETT BM, WANG J, NEEMAN T, LEDITSCHKE IA, BOOTS R, PARATZ J. Which ICU patients benefit most from inspiratory muscle training? Retrospective analysis of a randomized trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2020; 36: 1316-1321. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1571144
JUBRAN A. Critical illness and mechanical ventilation: effects on the diaphragm. Respir Care 2006; 51: 1054-1061.
ABODONYA AM, ABDELBASSET WK, AWAD EA, ELALFY IE, SALEM HA, ELSAYED SH. Inspiratory muscle training for recovered COVID-19 patients after weaning from mechanical ventilation: A pilot control clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100: e25339. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025339
RAMSOOK AH, KOO R, MOLGAT-SEON Y, DOMINELLI PB, SYED N, RYERSON CJ et al. Diaphragm recruitment increases during a bout of targeted inspiratory muscle training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 1179-1186. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000881
SHAH S, VAISHALI K, PRASAD SS, BABU AS. Altered patterns of abdominal muscle activation during forced exhalation following elective laparotomy: an experimental research. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 61: 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.080
HODGES PW, GANDEVIA SC. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 967-976. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.967
MESQUITA MONTES A, BAPTISTA J, CRASTO C, DE MELO CA, SANTOS R, VILAS-BOAS JP. Abdominal muscle activity during breathing with and without inspiratory and expiratory loads in healthy subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 30: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.07.002
GIBBONS TJ, BIRD ML. Exercising on different unstable surfaces increases core abdominal muscle thickness: an observational study using real-time ultrasound. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 28: 803-808. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0385
CALATAYUD J, CASAÑA J, MARTÍN F, JAKOBSEN MD, COLADO JC, GARGALLO P et al. Trunk muscle activity during different variations of the supine plank exercise. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2017; 28: 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.01.011
TEMPLEMAN L, ROBERTS F. Effectiveness of expiratory muscle strength training on expiratory strength, pulmonary function and cough in the adult population: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2020; 106: 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2019.06.002
WANG Z, WANG Z, FANG Q, LI H, ZHANG L, LIU X. Effect of expiratory muscle strength training on swallowing and cough functions in patients with neurological diseases: a meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98: 1060-1066. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001242
VALENZUELA PL, SIMPSON RJ, CASTILLO-GARCÍA A, LUCIA A. Physical activity: A coadjuvant treatment to COVID-19 vaccination? Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.003
LI N, LI P, LU Y, WANG Z, LI J, LIU X et al. Effects of resistance training on exercise capacity in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 32: 1911-1922.
MOHAMED AA, ALAWNA M. Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14: 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.038
SALMAN D, VISHNUBALA D, LE FEUVRE P, BEANEY T, KORGAONKAR J, MAJEED A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19. BMJ 2021; 372: m4721. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4721
ALAWNA M, AMRO M, MOHAMED AA. Aerobic exercises recommendations and specifications for patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24: 13049-13055. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202012_24211
GENTIL P, DE LIRA CAB, COSWIG V, BARROSO WKS, VITORINO PVO, RAMIREZ-CAMPILLO R et al. Practical recommendations relevant to the use of resistance training for COVID-19 survivors. Front Physiol 2021; 12: 637590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.637590
VALE AF, CARNEIRO JA, JARDIM PCV, JARDIM TV, STEELE J, FISHER JP et al. Acute effects of different resistance training loads on cardiac autonomic modulation in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Transl Med 2018; 16: 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1615-3
##submission.downloads##
Argitaratuta
##submission.howToCite##
Zenbakia
Atala
##submission.license##
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-sa4.footer##La revista Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra es publicada por el Departamento de Salud del Gobierno de Navarra (España), quien conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright ) sobre el artículo publicado y favorece y permite la difusión del mismo bajo licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0). Esta licencia permite copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente el artículo, siempre que siempre que se cite la autoría y la publicación inicial en Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra, y se distinga la existencia de esta licencia de uso.
