Socio-labor, health, and organizational factors as predictors of perceived high mental load in healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.1024Keywords:
COVID-19, Mental workload, Healthcare workers, Mental HealthAbstract
Background. Health care personnel providing direct care to COVID-19 patients may perceive high mental load. In this study, we aimed to determine the mental workload perceived by the workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with different variables.
Methods. Cross-sectional study carried out in Chile that included 411 health care professionals. The following data were collected by means of an on-line questionnaire: sociodemographic, work-related, health, and psychological mediators and perception of the organizational conditions. The Subjective Mental Workload Scale (SCAM) -a 1 to 5 rating instrument- was applied. Scores >3 indicated high perceived mental load. We determined the independent predictors of perceived high mental load.
Results. Health care workers perceived medium-high mental load, 3.69 (IQR = 3.35-4.05); 78.4% of these professionals perceived high mental load. Several variables, mainly related to the organizational conditions of their job, acted as independent predictors for high mental load: being a nurse, having been in the job <6 years, had been working in hospital care, had had symptoms of stress and inadequate sleep, having a low perception regarding access to personal protection equipment and psychological support at their work site.
Conclusions. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers perceive high mental burden, mainly associated to the organizational conditions of their job.
Downloads
References
DHAMA K, KHAN S, TIWARI R, SIRCAR S, BHAT S, MALIK YS et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33: e00028-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00028-20
TRAUB C, SAPAG J. Personal sanitario y pandemia COVID-19 en Chile: desafíos en Salud Mental. Rev Med Chil 2020; 148: 1371-1380. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872020000901371
ALVARADO R, TAPIA T. El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los trabajadores en los servicios de salud. Health Care Workers COVID-19 Study. Informe preliminar nº 1 Chile. Síntomas Depresivos y Malestar Psicológico. 2020. https://medicina.uc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/primer-informe-the-covid-19-health-care-workers-study.pdf
Situación Nacional de COVID-19 en Chile2021. Consultado el 30 diciembre de 2021. https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/cifrasoficiales/
CASTRO LR. Coronavirus, una historia en desarrollo. Rev Med Chil 2020; 148: 143-144. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872020000200143
LAI J, MA S, WANG Y, CAI Z, HU J, WEI N et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e203976. https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
BROOKS SK, DUNN R, AMLÔT R, RUBIN GJ, GREENBERG N. A systematic, thematic review of social and occupational factors associated with psychological outcomes in healthcare employees during an infectious disease outbreak. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60: 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001235
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST). Carga mental. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, 2019. https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/524376/Carga+Mental+en+el+trabajo/5a3492ae-9ef0-41fd-b538-385c682ba42f
NOGAREDA CUIXART C. NTP 179: La carga mental del trabajo: definición y evaluación.Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, 1989. https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326801/ntp_179.pdf/8ab5f66a-8a0d-4a8c-b096-eda49e55e048
STANTON NA, YOUNG MS. Mental workload: theory, measurement and application. En: Karwowski W, editor. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors. Londres: Taylor & Francis, 2001; 507-509.
CEBALLOS-VASQUEZ P, PARAVIC KLIJN T, BURGOS MORENO M, BARRIGA O. Validación de escala subjetiva de carga mental de trabajo en funcionarios/as universitarios. Cienc Enferm 2014; 20: 73-82. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532014000200008
CEBALLOS VÁSQUEZ P. Carga mental de trabajo en enfermeras/os de unidades de paciente crítico: estudio piloto. SANUS 2019; 1: 12-20. https://sanus.unison.mx/index.php/Sanus/article/view/51/34
HERNÁNDEZ R, FERNÁNDEZ C, BAPTISTA P. Metodología de la investigación. 5ª ed. Lima: Mc Graw Hill Interamericana, 2010.
ROLO GONZÁLEZ G, DÍAZ CABRERA D, HERNÁNDEZ FERNAUD E. Desarrollo de una Escala Subjetiva de Carga Mental de Trabajo (ESCAM). Rev Psicol Trab Organ 2009; 55(1): 29-37 https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/rpto/v25n1/v25n1a04.pdf
DÍAZ CABRERA D, HERNÁNDEZ- FERNAUD E, ROLO-GONZÁLEZ G, GALVÁN FERNÁNDEZ E, FRAILE PEÑATE M, LOAYSSAS LARAÇ G. ESCAM: Manual de Escala Subjetiva de Carga Mental en el Trabajo. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Instituto Canario de Seguridad Laboral, 2011. http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/trabajo/documentos/libros/manualcarga_mental.pdf
Ministerio Secretaría General de la Presidencia. Chile. Ley 19628, Sobre protección de la vida privada. 28 de agosto de 1999. https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=141599
Asociación Médica Mundial. Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. 2010 (modificado el 21 de marzo de 2017). https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
HUANG Y, ZHAO N. Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group? Psychol Health Med 2021; 26: 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438
ACOSTA-QUIROZ J, IGLESIAS-OSORES S. Salud mental en trabajadores expuestos a COVID-19. Rev Neuropsiquiatr 2020; 83: 212-213. https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v83i3.3784
KANG L, LI Y, HU S, CHEN M, YANG C, YANG BX et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China, dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psyciatry 2020; 7: e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
VALERA FELICES JL, GIMENO CARDELLS A, GIMENO PERIBAÑEZ MA, DÍAZ-PÉREZ D, MIRANDA VALLADARES S, PEÑA-OTERO D. Factores de riesgo asociado a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 entre los profesionales sanitarios de España. An Sist Sanit Navar 2021; 44: 397-404. https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.0971
GARCÍA-IGLESIAS JL, GÓMEZ-SALGADO J, MARTÍN PEREIRA J, FAGUNDO-RIVERA J, AYUSO-MURILLO D, MARTÍNEZ-RIERA JR et al. Impacto del SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) en la salud mental de los profesionales sanitarios: una revisión sistemática. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2020; 94: e202007088. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/biblioPublic/publicaciones/recursos_propios/resp/revista_cdrom/VOL94/REVISIONES/RS94C_202007088.pdf
KANG L, MA S, CHEN M, YANG J, WANG Y, LI R et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
URZÚA A, SAMANIEGO A, CAQUEO-URÍZAR A, ZAPATA PIZARRO A, IRARRÁZAVAL DOMÍNGUEZ M. Salud mental en trabajadores de la salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Chile. Rev Med Chil 2020; 148: 1121-1127. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872020000801121
LU W, WANG H, LIN Y, LI L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288: 112936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936
DAI Y, HU G, XIONG H, QIU H, YUAN X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030874
STUIJFZAND S, DEFORGES C, SANDOZ V, THAIS SAJIN C, JAQUES C , ELMERS J et al. Psychological impact of an epidemic/pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals: a rapid review, BMC Public Health 2020; 20: 1230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09322-z
ZHANG C, YANG L, LIU S, MA S, WANG Y, CAI Z et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
DEPIERRO J, LOWE S, KATZ C. Lessons learned from 9/11: mental health perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288: 113024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113024
MO Y, DENG L, ZHANG L, LANG Q, LIAO C, WANG N et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. J Nurs Manag 2020; 28: 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
VYAS KJ, DELANEY EM, WEBB-MURPHY JA, JOHNSTON SL. Psychological impact of deploying in support of the US response to Ebola: a systematic review and meta-analysis of past outbreaks. Mil Med 2016; 181: e1515-e1531. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00473
ALMUDÉVER CAMPO L, PÉREZ JORDAN I. La carga mental de los profesionales de Enfermería en relación con su turno laboral. Revista ENE de Enfermería 2019; 13: 1-23. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/ene/v13n1/1988-348X-ene-13-01-e1315.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
La revista Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra es publicada por el Departamento de Salud del Gobierno de Navarra (España), quien conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright ) sobre el artículo publicado y favorece y permite la difusión del mismo bajo licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0). Esta licencia permite copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente el artículo, siempre que siempre que se cite la autoría y la publicación inicial en Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra, y se distinga la existencia de esta licencia de uso.