Disparities in food consumption and nutrient intake among in relation to smoking

Abstract

Background. Nutritional habits and smoking are well known to be two of the most important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The aim of this study was to assess disparities in food consumption and nutrient intake in relation to smoking in the population of Pamplona, Spain. Methods. A cross study by postal survey was carried out on a representative sample (n=875; 29.3% of the theoretical sample) of Pamplona´s population aged between 18 and 65 years. Food consumption was evaluated by a food consumption frequency questionnaire. The survey also contained questionnaires about consumption of tobacco and alcohol, physical activity, as well as a sociodemographic record. A bivariant analysis was carried out (p<0.05) by Kruskal Wallis and c2 Pearson tests. Results. Male smokers consume less fruit, vegetables and chicken than other groups, while male ex-smokers seem to have healthier food consumption patterns. Female smokers have a less healthy diet as well, although differences are less marked. In both genders, smokers consume more alcohol. With respect to nutrients, smokers consume less folate, niacin and antioxidants (vitamin C). Female non-smokers consume more fibre than other groups. Conclusions. This study highlights the prevalence of a healthier diet among non-smokers and ex-smokers, who share similar diet patterns that are healthier than those of smokers. It would also be desirable for smokers to have healthier food consumption habits in order to reduce the effects of tobacco and to meet the additional demand for some nutrients required by this group.