Landscape indicators: evolution and guidelines for their application in land management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2020.206.01Keywords:
Landscape, Indicators, Integrated land management, Landscape characterization, Landscape planningAbstract
In the course of the last century, the concept of landscape has experienced a deep renovation whose standpoints necessarily lead to an upgrading effort in territorial governance. The need of assessing the character of our landscapes in the pursuit of a territorial policy that guarantees the maintenance and promotion of their intrinsic values is proving to be a fundamental driver for strengthening local identity and economy. However, the results of landscape character assessments are facing difficulties to be implemented in the regular territorial planning. The goal of the text is to contextualize and argue the potential of landscape indicators as a relevant research line in this open scientific-technical debate.
References
AEMA (2005): EEA core set of indicators. EEA Technical Report No 1/2005. Luxemburgo, Luxemburgo, Official Publications of the European Communities.
AEMA (2006): Integration of environment into EU agriculture policy - the IRENA indicator-based assessment report. EEA Technical report No 2/ 2006. Luxemburgo, Luxemburgo, Official Publications of the European Communities.
AEMA (2014): Digest of EEA indicators 2014. EEA Technical Report No 8/2014. Luxemburgo, Luxemburgo, Official Publications of the European Communities.
Aguirre Royuela, M. A. (2002): Los sistemas de indicadores ambientales y su papel en la información e integración del medio ambiente. En: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos y Comisión de Medio Ambiente (Ed.) I Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Civil, Territorio y Medio Ambiente. Madrid, España: 1231 – 1256.
Antrop, M. & Van Eetvelde, V. (2017): Landscape Perspectives. The Holistic Nature of Landscape. Dordrecht, Países Bajos, Springer.
Bastian, O. & al (2014): Landscape services: the concept and its practical relevance. Landscape Ecology, nº 29: 1463 - 1479. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-014-0064-5
Bottero, M. (2011): Indicators Assessment Systems. En Cassatella, C. & Peano, A. (Eds.) Landscape Indicators. Assessing and monitoring landscape quality. Dordrecht, Países Bajos, Springer: 15-29.
Chmielewski, T. J. & Sowinska-Swierkosz, B. (2010): Method of elaboration of landscape quality objectives. En Teka Komisji Ochrony i Kształtowania Środowiska Przyrodniczego O.L. PAN, nº 7: 16-36.
Countryside Commission (1998): Countryside character: The character of England’s natural and man-made landscape. Countryside Character Series, vol. 1-8. Cheltenham, Reino Unido, CC.
Delbaere, B. (Ed.) (2003): Environmental Risk Assessment for European Agriculture: interim report. Tilburgo, Países Bajos, European Centre for Nature Conservation.
EC (1999): Directions towards sustainable agriculture. Communication to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM (1999) 22.
EC (2000): Indicators for the integration of environmental concerns into the Common Agricultural Policy. Communication to the Council, the European Parliament, COM (2000) 20.
EC (2001): Statistical information needed for the indicators to monitor the integration of environmental concerns into the Common Agricultural Policy. Communication to the Council, the European Parliament. COM (2001) 144.
EC (2006): Development of agri-environmental indicators for monitoring the integration of environmental concerns into the common agricultural policy. Communication from the commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM (2006) 508.
EC (2017): Technical Handbook on the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the Common Agricultural Policy 2014 - 2020. Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/key_policies/documents/technical-handbook-monitoring-evaluation-framework_june17_en.pdf, accedido el 2019/10/08.
Fairclough, G. & Macinnes, L. (2003): Landscape character assessment. Guidance for England and Scotland. Londres, Reino Unido, The Countryside Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage
Fairclough, G., & al. (2018): Routledge Handbook of Landscape Character Assessment. Current Approaches to Characterisation and Assessment. Londres, Reino Unido, Routledge.
Farina, A. (2000): The cultural landscape as a model for the integration of ecology and economics. Bioscience, nº 50(4): 313-320. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0313:TCLAAM]2.3.CO;2
Feranec, J. & al (Eds.) (2016): European Landscape Dynamics. Corine Land Cover Data. CRC Press.
Fernández Avidad, A., Fernández Caldera, D. & Vélez Toro, A. J. (2015): Ordenanza tipo provincial para la protección del paisaje. Granada. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (CyTET), nº 47(184): 407-412. Recuperado a partir de https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/76417, accedido el 2020/09/22
Galiano, E. E., & Abelló, R. P. (1984). Una metodología para la valoración del paisaje en estudios de ordenación territorial: Su aplicación al Término municipal de la Granja de San Ildefonso. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (CyTET), nº (61): 53-68. Recuperado a partir de https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/81793, accedido el 2020/09/22.
Gómez Zotano, J. & Riesco Chueca, P. (Dir.) (2010): Marco conceptual y metodológico para los paisajes españoles. Aplicación a tres escalas espaciales. Sevilla, España, Consejería de Obras Públicas y Vivienda.
Haines-Young, R. & Postchin, M. (2005): Building landscape character indicators. En: Wascher, D.M. (Ed.) European Landscape Character Areas - Typologies, Cartography and Indicators for the Assessment of Sustainable Landscapes. Final Project Report: 88-97.
Hazeu, G. W. & al. (2011): European environmental stratifications and typologies: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, nº 142, 29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.01.009
Kates, R. W. & al. (2001): Sustainability Science. Science, nº 292 (5517): 641-642. DOI: 10.1126/science.1059386
LANDSIS g.e.i.e., Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, The Arkleton Centre for Rural Development Research, Scottish Agricultural College & University of Applied Science (2002): Proposal on Agri-enviromental indicators. PAIS-Project Summary. Documento de trabajo.
Lozano, P. J. & Latasa, I. & Cristel Gómez, D. & Cadiñanos, J. A. & Meaza, G., & Varela, R. (2015): El catálogo de paisaje de la llanada alavesa: ejemplo de planificación y ordenación del paisaje en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (CyTET), nº 47(186): 701-716. Recuperado a partir de: https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/76440, accedido el 2020/09/22
Mata Olmo, R. (2006): Un concepto de paisaje para la gestión sostenible del territorio. En: Mata, R. y Domènech, M. (dirs.) El paisaje y la gestión del territorio. Incorporación de criterios paisajísticos en la ordenación del territorio y el urbanismo. Barcelona, España, Diputació de Barcelona-CUIMP: 17-40.
Mata Olmo, R. (2009): Paisaje y territorio: un desafío teórico y práctico. En: Sánchez Pérez, L. & Troitiño Vinuesa, M. A. (Coords.) Agua, territorio y paisaje: de los instrumentos programados a la planificación aplicada. V Congreso Internacional de Ordenación del Territorio: 243-282
Mata Olmo, R. & Sanz Herraiz, C. (eds.) (2003): Atlas de los Paisajes de España. Madrid, España, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España.
Meeus, J. H. A. (1995): Pan-European landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 31 (1-3): 57-79. DOI: 10.1016/0169-2046(94)01036-8
MITECO, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico (2014): Banco Público de Indicadores Ambientales (BPIA). Disponible en: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/banco-publico-de-indicadores--ambientales-bpia-/, accedido el 2019/10/05.
Mücher, C. A. & al (2010): A new European Landscape Classification (LANMAP): A transparent, flexible and user-oriented methodology to distinguish landscapes. Ecological Indicators, nº 10 (1): 87-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.03.018
Nogué, J., Puigbert, L. & Bretcha, G. (2009): Indicadors de paisatge. Reptes i perspectives. Barcelona, España, Observatori del Paisatge. Obra Social de Caixa Catalunya.
Nogué, J. & Sala, P., Grau, J. (2016): Los catálogos de paisaje de Cataluña. Metodología. Olot, España, Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña.
Nogué, J. & de San Eugenio, J. & Sala, P. (2019): La implementación de indicadores de lo intangible para catalogar el paisaje percibido. El caso del Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, nº 72: 75-91. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-34022019000100075
OCDE (1991): Environmental indicators - A preliminary set. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (1997): Environmental indicators for agriculture, Volume 1: Concepts and Frameworks. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (1999): Environmental indicators for agriculture, Volume 2: Issues and Design - The York Workshop. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (2001a): OECD Environmental Indicators. Towards sustainable development. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (2001b): Environmental indicators for agriculture, Volume 3: Methods and Results, executive summary. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (2003): OECD Environmental Indicators. Development, measurement and use. París, Francia, OECD Publications and Information Centre.
OCDE (2013): OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators. París, Francia, OECD Publishing.
ONU (2012): The future we want. Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Disponibleen: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf, accedido el 2019/10/03.
Piorr, H.P. (2003): Environmental policy, agri-environmental indicators and landscape indicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, nº 98: 17-33. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00069-0
Pissourios, I. (2013) An interdisciplinary study on indicators: A comparative review of quality-of-life, macroeconomic, environmental, welfare and sustainability indicators. Ecological Indicators, nº 34: 420-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.008
Ruiz de la Riva, E. & Cabanas Moreno, E. & Fernández Lasta, P. & Mata Olmo, R. (2015). Territorio y paisaje: notas metodológicas en torno al Plan Especial de Protección de los Valles del Nansa (Cantabria, España). Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (CyTET), nº 47(184): 357-374. Recuperado a partir de https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/76414, accedido el 2020/09/22.
Simensen, T. & Halvorsen, R. & Erikstad, L. (2018): Methods for landscape characterization and mapping: A systematic review. Land Use Policy, nº 75: 557-569. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.022
Sowinska-Swierkosz, B. & Chmielewski, T. J. (2016): A new approach to the identification of Landscape Quality Objectives (LQOs) as a set of indicators. Journal of Environmental Management, nº 184: 596-608. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.016
Stanners, D. & Bordeaux, P. (Eds.) (1995): Europe’s Environment; The Dobříš Assessment. European Environmental Agency. Copenhague, Dinamarca, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Stanners, D., & al. (2007): Frameworks for environmental assessment and indicators at the EEA. En: Hák, T., Moldan, B. & Lyon Dahl, A. (Eds.) Sustainable Indicators: A scientific assessment, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment. Londres, Reino Unido, Island Press: 127-162.
Swanwick, C., & Land Use Consultants (2002): Landscape character assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland. Cheltenham, Reino Unido, The Countryside Agency/Edinburgh, Scottish Natural Heritage.
Tejedor Cabrera, A. & al. (2011): El jardín en la formación del paisaje histórico urbano de Sevilla. En: Fernández Baca Casares, R., Sanz, N. & Salmerón Escobar, P. (Eds.) El paisaje histórico urbano en las Ciudades de Patrimonio Mundial: indicadores para su conservación y gestión. II, Criterios, metodología y estudios aplicados. Sevilla, Instituto Andaluz de Patrimonio Histórico, Consejería de Cultura: 123-162.
Troitiño vinuesa, M. A. (2011): Territorio, patrimonio y paisaje: desafíos de una ordenación y gestión inteligentes. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (CyTET), nº 43(169-0): 561-569. Disponible en: https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/76083, accedido el 2020/09/22.
Tudor, C. (2014): An approach to Landscape Character Assessment. Londres, Reino Unido, Natural England.
Uuemaa, E. & Mander, U. & Marja, R. (2013): Trends in the use of landscape spatial metrics as landscape indicators: A review. Ecological Indicators, nº 28: 100-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.018
UNSD (1984): A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics. Statistical Papers, series M, nº 78. Nueva York, Estados Unidos, United Nations Publication.
UNSD (2017): Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013). Studies in Methods, Serie M, nº 92. Nueva York, Estados Unidos, United Nations Publication.
Vallega, A. (2008): Indicatori per il paesaggio. Milán, Italia, FrancoAngeli.
Vogiatzakis, I. (2011): Mediterranean experience and practice in Landscape Character Assessment. International Journal of Mediterranean Ecology, nº 37 (1): 17-31.
Wascher, D. M. (Ed.) (2000): Agri-Environmental Indicators for Sustainable Agriculture in Europe. ECNC Technical Report Series. Tilburgo, Países Bajos, European Centre for Nature Conservation.
Wascher, D. M. (2005): European Landscape Character Areas - Typologies, Cartography and Indicators for the Assessment of Sustainable Landscapes. Final Project Report.
Warnock, S. & Griffiths, G. (2015): Landscape Characterisation: The Living Landscapes Approach in the UK. Landscape Research, nº 40 (3): 261-278. DOI: 10.1080/01426397.2013.870541
Zoido Naranjo, F. (2004): El paisaje, patrimonio público y recurso para la mejora de la democracia. PH: Boletín del Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, nº 50: 66-73.
Zoido Naranjo, F. & Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. (Dir.) (2015): Catálogo de Paisajes de la Provincia de Sevilla. Sevilla: Centro de Estudios Paisaje y Territorio, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Marina López-Sánchez, Antonio Tejedor-Cabrera, Mercedes Linares-Gómez del Pulgar
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Considering the provisions of the current legislation on Intellectual Property, and in accordance with them, all authors publishing in CyTET give -in a non-exclusive way and without time limit- to the Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda the rights to disseminate, reproduce, communicate and distribute in any current or future format, on paper or electronic, the original or derived version of their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 license International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), as well as to include or assign to third parties the inclusion of its content in national and international indexes, repositories and databases, with reference and recognition in any case of its authorship.
In addition, when sending the work, the author(s) declares that it is an original work in which the sources that have been used are recognized, committing to respect the scientific evidence, to no longer modify the original data and to verify or refute its hypothesis. Author(s) also declare that the essential content of the work has not been previously published nor will it be published in any other publication while it is under evaluation by CyTET; and that it has not been simultaneously sent to another journal.
Authors must sign a Transfer of Rights Form, which will be sent to them from the CyTET Secretariat once the article is accepted for publication.
With the aim of promoting the dissemination of knowledge, CyTET joins the Open Journal Access (OA) movement and delivers all of its content to various national and international indexes, repositories and databases under this protocol; therefore, the submission of a work to be published in the journal presupposes the explicit acceptance by the author of this distribution method.
Authors are encouraged to reproduce and host their work published in CyTET in institutional repositories, web pages, etc. with the intention of contributing to the improvement of the transfer of knowledge and the citation of said works.