El legado del neoliberalismo en África Austral: los efectos económicos y sociales del ajuste

Autores/as

  • Eduardo Bidaurrazaga Aurre Profesor de la Universidad del País Vasco/EHU y miembro de Hegoa

Palabras clave:

África Austral, deuda externa, Banco Mundial, FMI, política económica

Resumen

Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals, nº. 60
Cuatrimestral (enero 2003)
ISSN:1133-6595

El presente trabajo pretende profundizar en la problemática de los procesos de liberalización económica emprendidos durante las dos últimas décadas por la vía de la aplicación de programas de ajuste estructural en el continente africano, y en diferentes economías del África Austral, en particular. A la vista de sus resultados, muy especialmente en lo referente a las consecuencias de los mismos sobre los sectores más desfavorecidos de sus sociedades en términos de desprotección social y marginación,
la crítica a dicho modelo liberalizador, el análisis sobre las últimas iniciativas puestas en práctica, y la propuesta de alternativas que jueguen en favor de unos mayores niveles de satisfacción de necesidades básicas para sus poblaciones, se tornan ineludibles.

Citas

ADB. African Development Report. Africa in the world economy. Economic integration and structural adjustment in Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank, 1993.

ASANTE, S. African Development: Adebayo Adedeji´s alternative strategies. London: Hanz Zell Publishers. 1991.

BARRATT-BROWN, M. “La marginación de África”. En: Berzosa, C (coord.). La economía mundial en los 90. Tendencias y desafíos. Barcelona: Fuhem-Icaria, 1994.

BURNSIDE, C. & DOLLAR, D. Aid policies and growth. Policy Research Department. Macroeconomics and Growth Division. Washington: World Bank, 1997.

ÇAGATAY, N. et al. “Budgets as if people mattered: democratizing macroeconomic policies”. UNDP/SEPED Conference Paper Series. No.4. (2000) www.undp/seped.

CAIRÓ, G. y COLOM, A. “El alivio de la deuda en África: ¿hacia la reducción de la pobreza?”. Departament d’Economia Aplicada. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 2001.

CHAKAODZA, A. Structural adjustment in Zambia y Zimbabwe. Harare: Third World Publishers, 1993.

CHERU, F. & GILL S. “Structural adjustment and the G-7: limits and contradictions”. En: Gill, S. Globalization, democratization and multilateralism. London: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1997.

CHERU, F. Silent revolution in Africa: debt, development and democracy. London: Zed Books, 1989.

CHILOWA, W.R. “Adjustment impact on social policy implementation in Malawi”. SARIPS Annual Colloquium on Regional Integration in Southern Africa. Harare, 2000.

CHIPETA, C. “Alternative economic policy framework for Southern Africa”. Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly. Harare: SAPEM, (December 1998).

CHIRWA, E.W. & CHILOWA, W.R. Structural adjustment programmes in Southern Africa. The case of Malawi. Draft Report submitted to the International Labour Organisation. Geneva, 1997.

CORNIA, A. et al. Ajuste con rostro humano. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1987.

CORNIA, A. et al. Africa´s recovery in the 1990s: from stagnation and adjustment to human development. UNICEF. London: MacMillan, 1992.

DIXON, C. et al. “The Nature of structural adjustment”. En: Simon, D. et al. Structurally adjusted Africa: Poverty, debt and basic needs. London: Pluto Press, 1995.

DOLLAR, D. & SVENSSON, J. “What explanins the success or failure of structural adjustment programs?” Macroeconomics and Growth Group. Washington: World Bank, 1998.

EASTERLY, W. “Why is Africa marginal in the world economy?” En: Maasdorp, G. Can South and Southern Africa become globally competitive economies? Great Britain: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1996.

FAUVET, P. “Mozambique: growth with poverty. A difficult transition from prolonged war to peace and development”. Africa Recovery. Vol.14. No.3. (2000) New York: United Nations.

GEORGE, S. “Replantearse la deuda, recorrer nuevas avenidas”. Papeles de cuestiones internacionales, No 56 (1995). Madrid: CIP.

GIBBON, P. & OLUKOSHI, A. “Structural adjustment and socio-economic change in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Research Report. No.102 (1996). Uppsala.

GRIFFIN, K. & KNIGHT, J. Human development and the international development strategy for the 1990s. London, MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990.

HAARLOV, J. Regional cooperation and integration within industry and trade in Southern Africa. General approaches, SADCC and the World Bank. England: Avebury, 1997.

HOOGVELT, A. Globalization and the postcolonial world. London: MacMillan Press LTD, 1997.

HOPE, K.R. African political economy. Contemporary Issues in Development. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997

ILO Africa Employment Report. East Africa Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (EAMAT). Addis Abeba, 1995.

ILO/SAMAT Subregional seminar on structural adjustment programmes and social dialogue. Final report. Harare, 2000.

KABUNDA, M. “Los programas de ajuste estructural en África: Incoherencia e irrealidad”. En: Desarrollo, pobreza, y medio ambiente. FMI, GATT y Banco Mundial al final del siglo. Madrid: Talasa, 1994.

KATSOURIS, C. & BENTSI-ENCHILI, N.K. “Africa under pressure from falling aid rising debt”. Africa Recovery. Vol.9. No.1 (June 1995). New York: United Nations.

KATSOURIS, C. “Creditors making “major changes” in debt relief for poor countries”. Africa Recovery. New York: United Nations, 1999.

KIRKPATRICK, C. & WEISS, J. “Trade policy reforms and performance in Africa in the 1980s”. Journal of Modern African Studies. No. 2 (1995). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MACHIPISA, L. “No success in reducing marginalisation. Africa Reports: Zimbabwe”. www.ips-solidarity.net, 2000a.

MACHIPISA, L. “Education success under threat. Africa Reports: Zimbabwe”. www.ips-solidarity.net, 2000b.

MATALA, T. “Las relaciones de cooperación de la Unión Europea y otros organismos internacionales con África y sus resultados”. En: Desarrollo, maldesarrollo y cooperación al desarrollo: África Subsahariana. Zaragoza: Centro Pignatelli, 1997.

MCCULLOCH, N. et al. “Poverty, inequality and growth in Zambia during the 1990s”. IDS Working Papers. No. 114. (August, 2000). Brighton.

MKANDAWIRE & SOLUDO Our continent, our future. African perspectives on structural adjustment. IDRC / CODESRIA / Africa World Press, 1999.

MKANDAWIRE, T. “Crisis and adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa”. En: Dharam Ghai (ed.). The IMF and the South. The Social Impact of Crisis and Adjustment. UNRISD. London: Zed Books, 1991.

MOSLEY, P. “Globalisation and liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for growth and poverty”. En: Globalization and liberalization: effects of international economic relations on poverty. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1996.

MWANZA, A. Structural adjustment programmes in SADC: Experiences and lessons from Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Harare: SAPES Books, 1992.

MWANZA, A. “Social policy in the context of economic reform”. Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly. SAPEM, (September-October, 1997). Harare.

MWANZA, A. “Structural Adjustment Programmes: Theory and Reality”. Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly. SAPEM, (February, 1998). Harare.

MWANZA, A. Social policy in an economy under stress: The case of Zimbabwe. Harare: SAPES Book, 1999a.

MWANZA, A. “Social policy in perspective”. Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly. SAPEM, (September, 1999b). Harare.

NÄRMAN, A. Fighting fire with petrol: how to counter social ills in Africa with economic structural adjustment. En: Simon, D. et al (ed.) Structurally adjusted Africa. Poverty, debt and basic needs. London Pluto Press, 1995.

NINSIN, K.A “Globalisation and the future of Africa”. AAPS. Occasional Paper Series. Vol.4. No.1 (2000). Harare.

NYANG’ORO, J.E. & SHAW, T (eds.) Beyond structural adjustment in Africa. The political economy of sustainable and democratic development. New York. Praeger, 1992.

OFUATEY-KODJOE, W. “African international political economy: an assessment of the current literature”. En: MURPHY, C. y TOOZE, R. The new international political economy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Boulder, 1991.

OLUKOSHI, A. “HIPC: the limitations of an initiative”. Southern Africa Political Economy Monthly. SAPEM, (December, 1999). Harare.

ONIMODE, B. IMF, the World Bank and the African debt. Institute for African Alternatives. London: Zed Books, 1989.

ONIMODE, B. Alternative development strategies for Africa: coalition for change. London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1990.

OXFAM “Debt relief and poverty reduction: failing to deliver”. www.oxfam.org, 2000.

OXFAM “Debt relief: still failing the poor”. www.oxfam.org, 2001.

OXFAM-IDS Liberalisation and poverty. Final report to UK Department for International Development, 1999.

OYA, C. “El ajuste estructural y la estabilización en las economías de África”. África América Latina. No. 15 (1994) . Madrid: Sodepaz.

PNUD Informe sobre el desarrollo humano. Nueva York, 1997.

PNUD (1999): Informe sobre el desarrollo humano. Nueva York, 1999.

PNUD (2000): Informe sobre el desarrollo humano. Nueva York, 2000.

PNUD (2001): Informe sobre el desarrollo humano. Nueva York, 2001.

RAMAINOANE, C.R. “Unemployment still a major problem. Africa Reports: Lesotho”. www.ips-solidarity.net, 2000.

RAMONET, I. “Pensamiento único y los nuevos amos del mundo”. En: Ramonet, I. Cómo nos venden la moto. Barcelona: Icaria, 1995

RODNEY, W. How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers Ltd., 1989.

SANDBROOK, R. “Economic crisis. Structural adjustment and the state in Sub-Saharan Africa”. En: Dharam Ghai (ed.). The IMF and the South. The social impact of crisis and adjustment. UNIRSD. London: Zed Books, 1991.

SANTAMARÍA, A. “Relaciones euroafricanas y cooperación”. En: Bretón, V. et al. Los límites del desarrollo. Modelos rotos y modelos por construir en América Latina y África. Barcelona: Icaria, 1999.

SANTAMARÍA, A. y OYA, C. “El África Subsahariana y las políticas de ajuste”. En: Arrizabalo, X. Crisis y ajuste en la economía mundial. Madrid: Síntesis, 1997

SARDC Beyond inequalities. Women in Southern Africa. Harare, 2000.

SARIPS/SAPES “Liberalisation, globalisation, and sustainable human development in the Southern African Development Community. A research proposal”. Harare, 2000a.

SARIPS/SAPES SADC Regional Human Development Report 2000. Harare, 2000b.

SCHATZ, S.P. “Structural adjustment in Africa: A failing grade so far”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 32. No. 4 (1994). Cambridge University Press.

SCHATZ, S.P. “The World Bank´s fundamental misconception in Africa”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 4. No. 2 (1996). Cambridge University Press.

SENDER, J. “Africa´s economic performance: limitations of the current consensus”. Journal of Economic Perspectives,. Vol.13, No.3 (Summer 1999).

SIMON, D. et al (ed.) Structurally adjusted Africa. Poverty, debt and basic needs. London: Pluto Press, 1995.

STEWART, F. “Are Adjustment policies in Africa consistent with long-run development needs?” En: Van Der Geest, W. Negotiating structural adjustment in Africa. New York: UNDP, 1994.

STEWART, F. Adjustment and poverty. Options and choices. New York; Routledge, 1995.

STIGLITZ, J.E. “Algunas enseñanzas del milagro del Este Asiático”. Desarrollo Económico: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. No. 147 (1997). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social.

STIGLITZ, J. E. “Más instrumentos y metas más amplias para el desarrollo. Hacia el consenso post-Washington”. Desarrollo Económico: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. No 151 (1998a). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social.

STIGLITZ, J. E. “Knowledge for development: economic science, economic policy and economic advice”. World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Washington: World Bank. 1998b.

TIFFEN, P. “África Subsahariana: Ajuste estructural y desarrollo orientado hacia la exportación”. En: Desarrollo,

maldesarrollo y cooperación al desarrollo: África Subsahariana. Zaragoza: Centro Pignatelli, 1997.

TIPOTEH, T. “Globalisation and development”. En: Nabudere, D.W. Globalisation and the post-colonial African State. Harare: AAPS books, 2000.

TOYE, J. “The sequencing of structural adjustment programmes: what are the issues”. UNCTAD Occasional Paper. Geneva, 1999.

TSHIBAMBE, N. “Fracaso del desarrollo y ajuste estructural en África Subsahariana”. En: Mbaya, E. Los retos de fin de siglo en África. L´Hospitalet: Ed. Mey, 1997.

TUROK, B. Alternatives strategies for Africa: debt and democracy. Vol. 3 (1991). London: Institute for African Alternatives.

UNCTAD Trade and Development Report, 1998. Financial Instability & Growth in Africa. Geneva, 1998.

UNCTAD Foreign direct investment in Africa: Performance and potential. Geneva. www.unctad.org, 1999

UNCTAD Handbook of international trade. Geneva, 2000.

UNDP Progress against poverty in Africa. New York, 1998.

UNDP/UNCTAD “Malawi. Globalization, liberalization and sustainable human development”. Country Assessment Report. http://magnet.undp.org, 1999.

UNDP/UNCTAD “Globalization, and sustainable human development: progress and challenges for Zimbabwe”. Occasional Paper. www.unctad.org, 2000.

UNDP-Mozambique National Human Development Report. Mozambique, 1999.

UNDP-Zambia Zambia Human Development Report, 1997.

UNDP-Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Human Development Report, 1999.

UNRISD Estados De Desorden. Los efectos sociales de la globalización. Ginebra: Naciones Unidas, 1995.

WB World Development Report. Poverty. World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

WEEKS, J. Debt disaster? Banks, governments and multilateral confront of the crisis. New York University Press, 1989.

WEEKS, J. “Analysis of the Demery and Squire adjustment and poverty evidence”. Journal of International Development. Vol.9. No.6. (1997) Development Studies Association.

WINTERS, A. “Should concerns about the poor stop trade liberalisation?” Background paper to the

World Bank´s World Development Report 2000/1, 2000b.

WINTERS, A. “Trade liberalisation and poverty”. Poverty Research Working Paper. No. 7 (2000a). Poverty Research Unit. University of Sussex.

WOODWARD, D. Debt, adjustment and poverty in developing countries. Save the children. London: Pinter Publishers, 1992.

WUYTS, M. Development policy and public action. London: Oxford University Press, 1992.

YEATS, S. & NG, F. “Open economies work better! Did Africa´s protectionists policies cause its marginalisation in world trade?” World Development. Vol.25. No 6 (1997), Great Britain.

Descargas

Publicado

2026-02-16

Cómo citar

Bidaurrazaga Aurre, E. (2026). El legado del neoliberalismo en África Austral: los efectos económicos y sociales del ajuste. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (60), 185–211. Recuperado a partir de https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/cidob/article/view/120254

Número

Sección

Artículos

Artículos similares

<< < 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 > >> 

También puede Iniciar una búsqueda de similitud avanzada para este artículo.