Barcelona and the Segregation Paradox Model
Keywords:
social inequality, residential segregation, socio-residential dynamics, metropolitan housing system, BarcelonaAbstract
Traditionally in urban studies, socioeconomic residential segregation is a phenomenon closely linked to social inequality. That’s true. However, recent studies show empirical evidence that this is a complex relationship. That is, an increase in social inequality is not always followed in the short term by an increase in socioeconomic residential segregation, but situations may vary depending on context. The metropolis of Barcelona represents a paradigmatic case to understanding this complexity. The evolution over the last decades of income inequality and socioeconomic residential segregation in this city fits with the segregation paradox model. This theoretical model describes a process in which a continuous increase of social inequality is followed at first by the decrease of socioeconomic residential segregation that increase later. The characteristics of the Great Recession impact and gentrification processes, initially, besides the following weak recovery of household economies and the housing market dynamics of post-crisis scenario, are the main factors that explain this process in the Barcelona context.
References
Ajuntament de Barcelona y Cambra de Comerç de Barcelona. (2017). Informe Observatori de Barcelona 2017. Ajuntament de Barcelona y Cambra de Comerç de Barcelona.
Andersen, Hans T. (2004). Spatial-Not Spatial Polarisation: Social Change and Segregation in Copenhagen. The Greek Review of Social Research, 113, 145-165. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9356
Andersson, Roger y Anneli Kährik (2016). Widening gaps: segregation dynamics during two decades of economic and institutional change in Stockholm. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 110-131). Routledge.
Antón-Alonso, Fernando; Sergio Porcel y Irene Cruz (2018). Factors contextuals associats als processos de gentrificació de l'àrea metropolitana de Barcelona. Papers. Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, 60, 65-79.
Banco de España. (2016). Síntesis de indicadores. Indicadores del mercado de la vivienda. Banco de España.
Banco de España. (2020). Síntesis de indicadores. Indicadores del mercado de la vivienda. Banco de España.
Beaverstock, Jon; Richard Smith y Peter Taylor (2018). The World According to GaWC 2018. Global City Network, 13 de noviembre, (enlace).
Burgers, Jack y Sako Musterd (2002). Understanding Urban Inequality: A Model Based on Existing Theories and an Empirical Illustration. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(2), 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00387
Castells, Manuel y John Mollenkopf (1991). Conclusion: Is New York a Dual City? En J. Mollenkopf y M. Castells (eds.), Dual City: Restructuring New York (pp. 399-418). The Russell Sage Foundation.
Cocola-Gant, Agustín (2018). Tourism gentrification. En L. Lees y M. Phillips (eds.), Handbook of Gentrification Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785361746.00028
Cocola-Gant, Agustín y Antonio Lopez-Gay (2020). Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of 'foreign only' enclaves in Barcelona. Urban Studies, 57(15), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916111
Domínguez, Marta; Jesús Leal y Elena Martínez (2012). The Limits of Segregation as an Expression of Socioeconomic Inequality: The Madrid Case. En T. Maloutas y K. Fujita (eds.), Residential Segregation in Comparative Perspective: Making sense of Contextual Diversity (pp. 217-236). Routledge.
Duncan, Otis y Beverly Duncan (1955). A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088328
Farré, Mercè; Aureli Alabert, Alejandra Cabaña, Alba Tresens, Sebastià Sarasa, Sergio Porcel, Lara Navarro-Varas, Fernando Antón-Alonso, Manel Pons, Núria Ruiz y Irene Cruz (2015). Una estimació de la distribució de la renda familiar per àrees petites de l'àrea metropolitana de Barcelona. IERMB Working Paper in Sociology, 18.01, Institut d'Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona.
Fujita, Kuniko (2012). Conclusion: Residential Segregation and Urban Theory. En T. Maloutas y K. Fujita (eds.), Residential Segregation in Comparative Perspective: Making sense of Contextual Diversity (pp. 285-322). Routledge.
Garcia-López, Miquel Àngel; Jordi Jofre-Montseny, Rodrigo Martínez-Mazza y Mariona Segú (2020). Do short-term rental platforms affect housing markets? Evidence from Airbnb in Barcelona. Journal of Urban Economics, 119, 103278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2020.103278
Haeussermann, Hartmut y Andreas Kapphan (2004). Berlin: From Divided into Fragmented City. The Greek Review of Social Research, 113, 25-61. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9216
Harloe, Michael y Susan S. Fainstein (1992). Conclusion: The divided cities. En S.S. Fainsteinm I. Gordon y M. Harloe (eds.), Divided Cities: New York & London in the Contemporary World (pp. 236-268). Blackwell.
IERMB (2018). Estadístiques metropolitanes sobre condicions de vida, 2017-2018. Resultats sintètics. Àrea metropolitana de Barcelona. Institut d'Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona.
Leal, Jesús (2004a). Segregación social y mercados de vivienda en las grandes ciudades. Revista Española de Sociología, 2, 59-75.
Leal, Jesús (2004b). Segregation and Social Change in Madrid Metropolitan Region. The Greek Review of Social Research, 113, 81-104. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9219
Leal, Jesús. (2007). Cambios en la morfología social de las grandes ciudades españolas: Apuntes para una investigación. Arquitectura, Ciudad y Entorno, 1(3), 153-162.
Leal, Jesús y Daniel Sorando (2016). Economic crisis, social change and segregation processes in Madrid. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 214-237). Routledge.
López-Gay, Antonio. (2018). Cambio en la composición social y gentrificación en Barcelona: una mirada a través de los flujos migratorios y residenciales. Papers. Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, 60, 80-93.
López-Gay, Antonio; Joan Sales-Favà, Miguel Solana, Ana Fernández, Andrés Peralta (2019). Midiendo los procesos de gentrificación en Barcelona y Madrid: una propuesta metodológica, XIII International Conference on Virtual City and Territory: Challenges and paradigms of the contemporary city, 2-4 octubre, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8680
Maloutas, Thomas (2004). Segregation and Residential Mobility: Spatially Entrapped Social Mobility and Its Impact on Segregation in Athens. European Urban and Regional Studies, 11(3), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776404041422
Maloutas, Thomas (2016). Socio-economic segregation in Athens at the beginning of the twenty-first century. En T. Tammaru; S. Marcinczak; M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 156-185). Routledge.
Maloutas, Thomas y Kuniko Fujita (2012). Residential Segregation in Comparative Perspective: Making sense of Contextual Diversity. Routledge.
Maloutas, Thomas y Nikos Karadimitriou (2001). Vertical Social Differentiation in Athens: Alternative or Complement to Community Segregation? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(4), 699-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00340
Maloutas, Thomas; Vassilis Arapoglou, George Kandylis y John Sayas (2012). Social Polarization and De-segregation in Athens. En T. Maloutas y K. Fujita (eds.), Residential Segregation in Comparative Perspective: Making sense of Contextual Diversity (pp. 257-284). Routledge.
Marcinczak, Szymon; Sako Musterd, Maarten van Ham y Tiit Tammaru (2016). Inequality and rising levels of socio-economic segregacion: Lessons from a pan-European comparative study. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 358-378). Routledge.
Marcuse, Peter. (1989). "Dual city": a muddy metaphor for a quartered city.
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 13(4), 697-708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1989.tb00142.x
Marcuse, Peter y Ronald van Kempen (2000). Conclusion: A Changed Spatial Order. En P. Marcuse y R. van Kempen (eds.), Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order? (pp. 249-275). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712887.ch12
Marcuse, Peter y Ronald van Kempen (2002). States, Cities, and the Partitioning of Urban Space: Conclusions. En P. Marcuse y R. van Kempen (eds.), Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space (pp. 258-268). Oxford University Press.
Morgan, Barrie (1975). The Segregation of Socio-economic Groups in Urban Areas: a Comparative Analysis. Urban Studies, 12, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420987520080041
Musterd, Sako (2005). Social and ehtnic segregation in Europe: Levels, causes and effects. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00239.x
Musterd, Sako y Wouter van Gent (2016). Changing welfare context and income segregation in Amsterdam and its metropolitan area. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 55-79). Routledge.
Musterd, Sako; Szymon Marcinczak, Maarten van Ham y Tiit Tammaru (2017). Socioeconomic segregation in European capital cities. Increasing separation between poor and rich. Urban Geography, 38(7), 1062-1083. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1228371
Pittini, Alice; Gerald Kiessl, Julien Dijol, Edit Lakatos y Laurent Ghekiere (2017). The State of Housing in the EU 2017. CECODHAS Housing Europe.
Porcel, Sergio. (2020). Desigualdad social y segregación residencial, una relación compleja. Fundación FOESSA.
Porcel, Sergio; Irene Cruz y Lara Navarro-Varas (2019). Barcelona i les estadístiques de condicions de vida: més de tres dècades aportant coneixement de la metròpoli. En R. Gomà (ed.) Del barri a la metròpoli. Anuari Metropolità de Barcelona 2018 (pp. 25-44). Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona e Institut d'Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona.
Porcel, Sergio; Lara Navarro-Varas, Fernando Antón-Alonso y Irene Cruz (2018). La suburbanització de la pobresa com a efecte metropolità de la gentrificació: el cas de Barcelona. Papers. Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, 60, 94-113.
Sarasa, Sebastià; Lara Navarro-Varas y Sergio Porcel (2017). Escenari post-crisi i estructura social metropolitana: vulnerabilitats i cobertura de necessitats des d'una mirada de classe. Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona e Institut d'Estudis Regionals i Metropolitans de Barcelona.
Sarasa, Sebastià; Sergio Porcel y Navarro-Varas, Lara (2013). L'impacte social de la crisi a l'Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona i a Catalunya. Papers. Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, 56, 10-88.
Sarasa, Sebastià; Sergio Porcel, Lara Navarro-Varas y Jenniffer Thiers (2018). Desindustrialización y crisis en la Barcelona posolímpica: ¿hacia una ciudad dual? Revista EURE, 44(131), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612018000100029
Sassen, Saskia. (1991). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton University Press.
Sorando, Daniel y Jesús Leal (2019). Distantes y desiguales: el declive de la mezcla social en Barcelona y Madrid. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 167, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.167.125
Tammaru, Tiit; Szymon Marcinczak, Raivo Aunap y Maarten van Ham (2017). Inequalities and Segregation across the Long-Term Economic Cycle: An Analysis of South and North European Cities. IZA Discussion Paper, 10980, Institute of Labour Economics.
Tammaru, Tiit; Szymon Marcinczak, Raivo Aunap, Maarten van Ham y Heleen Janssen (2019). Relationship between income inequality and residential segregation of socioeconomic groups. Regional Studies, 54, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1540035
Tammaru, Tiit; Szymon Marcinczak, Maarten van Ham y Sako Musterd (eds.) (2016). Socio-economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East meets West. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758879
Tammaru, Tiit; Sako Musterd, Maarten van Ham y Szymon Marcinczak (2016). A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 1-29). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758879
Trilla, Carme; Carles Donat, Anna Vergès, Jofre López, Anna Sánchez y Aleix Arcarons (2017). L'habitatge a la metròpoli de Barcelona. Informe anual 2017. Observatori Metropolità de l'Habitatge de Barcelona.
van Kempen, Eva. (1994). The Dual City and the Poor: Social Polarisation, Social Segregation and Life Chances. Urban Studies, 31(7), 995-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989420080911
Wessel, Terje. (2016). Economic segregation in Oslo: polarisation as a contingent outcome. En T. Tammaru, S. Marcinczak, M. van Ham y S. Musterd (eds.), Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West (pp. 132-155). Routledge.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Encrucijadas. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
