Dinámicas de seguridad en el Atlántico Sur: Brasil y Estados Unidos en África
Keywords:
Atlántico Sur, Brasil, África, Estados Unidos, seguridad, cooperaciónAbstract
Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, nº 102-103
Cuatrimestral ( septiembre 2013)
ISSN:1133-6595 | E-ISSN:2013-035X
Este artículo examina la creciente preocupación de la comunidad internacional por las nuevas dinámicas de seguridad que se están gestando en el Atlántico Sur y el potencial ascenso de esta área en la agenda internacional de seguridad. Sobre la base de viejas y nuevas amenazas con el telón de fondo del interés manifestado por países como Brasil y Estados Unidos hacia esta área específica, y haciendo hincapié en los intereses político-estratégicos de estos dos países en África, este texto ofrece una visión pertinente del contexto actual de seguridad, desde las posibilidades de competir a las oportunidades de cooperar entre todos los actores políticos involucrados.
References
AFP-Agence France Press. «China grants Benin $34 mln in loans, grants» (21.09.2011).
Alden, Chris; Vieira, Marco Antonio. «The New Diplomacy of the South: South Africa, Brazil, India and trilateralism». Third World Quarterly, vol. 26, n.º 7 (2005), p. 1077-1095.
Amorim, Celso. «A Política de Defesa de um País Pacífico». Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval, vol. 18, n.º 1 (2012), p. 7-17.
Bowden, Anna et al. «The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy». One Earth Future Working Paper (December 2010)
Cervo, Amado Luiz. «Brazil’s Rise on the International Scene: Brazil and the World». Revista Brasileira de Relações Internacionais, vol. 53, Special edition (2010), p. 7-32.
Clinton, Hillary. «America’s Pacific Century». Foreign Policy (November 2011).
Department of Defense (USA). «Remarks to the Superior War College by Secretary Panetta, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil». Department of Defense (25 April 2012) [Fecha de consulta 30.11.2012]: http://www.defense.gov/utility/printitem.aspx?print=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=5020
– «The National Military Strategy of the United States of America: Redefining America’s Military Leadership». Department of Defense (February 2011) [Fecha de cosnulta 04.12.2012]: http://www.jcs.mil/content/files/2011-02/020811084800_2011_NMS_-_08_FEB_2011.pdf
EIA- US Energy Information Administration. «International Energy Outlook 2011». Energy Information Agency (September 2011) [Fecha de consulta 10.12.2012]: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2011).pdf
Gaier, Rodrigo Viga. «Jobim: Quarta Frota dos EUA “aqui não entra”». Reuters (09.05.2008).
GNA-Ghana News Agency. «Ghana Navy ready to combat illegal activities on high seas-Lt. Gen. Smith». (24.10.2011).
Hurrell, Andrew. «The politics of South Atlantic security: a survey of proposals for a South Atlantic Treaty Organization». International Affairs, vol. 59, n.º 2 (Spring 1983), p. 179-193.
Ibaba, Ibaba Samuel y Ikelegbe, Augustine. «Militias, Pirates and Oil in the Niger Delta», en: Okuma, Wafula; Ikelegbe, Augustine (eds.) Militias, Rebels and Islamist Militants: Human Insecurity and State Crisis in Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2010, p. 219-255.
ICC-IMB. International Chamber of Commerce-International Maritime Bureau. «Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the period of 1 January30 June 2012». London: ICC-IMB, 2012.
ICG-International Crisis Group. «Le golfe de Guinée: la nouvelle zone à haute risque». Africa Report, n.º 195 (12.12.2012a).
– «Beyond Turf Wars: Managing the Post-Coup Transition in Guinea-Bissau». Africa Report, n.º 190 (17.08.2012b).
Le Mière, Christian. «America’s Pivot to East Asia: The Naval Dimension». Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, vol. 54, n.º 3 (2012), p. 81-94.
Mahbubani, Kishore. «The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East. New York». Public Affairs, 2009.
McFate, Sean. «US Africa Command: Next Step or Next Stumble?». African Affairs, vol. 107, n.º 406 (2008), p. 111-120.
Ministério da Defesa do Brasil. «Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional». Ministério da Defesa (July 2012a) [Fecha de consulta 01.12.2012]:
https://www.defesa.gov.br/arquivos/2012/mes07/lbdn.pdf
– «Política Nacional de Defesa». Ministério da Defesa (July 2012b) [Fecha de consulta 01.12.2012]: https://www.defesa.gov.br/arquivos/2012/mes07/pnd.pdf
– «Estratégia Nacional de Defesa». Ministério da Defesa (2008) [Fecha de cosnulta 01.12.2012]: http://www.defesa.gov.br/projetosweb/estrategia/arquivos/estrategia_defesa_nacional_portugues.pdf
McNamee, Mark. «Piracy on the Rise in the Gulf of Guinea as Niger Delta Militants Move Offshore». Terrorism Monitor, vol. 10, n.º 15 (27.07.2012), p. 6-7.
NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization. «NATO 2020: Assured Security; Dynamic Engagement-Analysis and Recommendations of the Group of Experts on a New Strategic Concept for NATO». Brussels: NATO, 2010
Obayuwana, Oghogho. «China wants to partner Nigeria on Gulf of Guinea». The Guardian Nigeria (03.08.2012)
Onapajo, Hakeem et al. «Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria: The international dimension». South African Journal of International Relations, vol. 19, n.º 3 (December 2012), p. 337-357.
Pham, J. Peter. «Emerging West African Terror-Drug Nexus Poses Major Security Threat». World Defense Review (28.01.2010).
– «Boko Haram’s Evolving Threat». Africa Security Brief, n.º 20 (April 2012).
Ploch, Lauren. «Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa». Congressional Research Service (22 July 2011).
Ross, Will. «Nigeria celebrates first home-made warship». BBC News Africa (07.06.2012).
Saraiva, José Flávio Sombra. «The new Africa and Brazil in the Lula era: the rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy». Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, vol. 53, Special Edition (2010), p. 169-182.
Savage, Charlie y Shanker, Thom. «U.S. Drug War Expands to Africa, a Newer Hub for Cartels». The New York Times (21.07.2012).
Seabra, Pedro. «South Atlantic crossfire: Portugal in-between Brazil and NATO». IPRIS Viewpoints, n.º 26 (November 2010).
Soares da Lima, Maria Regina; Hirst, Mônica. «Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities». International Affairs, vol. 82, n.º 1 (2006), p. 36.
The Economist. «Nigeria’s crisis: A threat to the entire country». The Economist (29.11.2012a).
– «Brazil in Africa: A new Atlantic alliance». The Economist (10.11.2012b).
The White House (USA). «U.S. Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa». The White
House (June 2012) [Fecha de consulta 04.12.2012]: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/africa_strategy_2.pdf
– «National Security Strategy». The White House (May 2010) [Fecha de consulta 04/12/2012]: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf
– «Remarks by the President to the Ghanaian Parliament». The White House (11 July 2009) [Fecha de consulta 04/12/2012]: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-ghanaianparliament
UNODC-United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. «The Transatlantic Cocaine Market». UNODC Research paper (April 2011a) [Fecha de consulta 20.11.2012]: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Transatlantic_cocaine_market.pdf
– World Drugs Report 2011. Viena: UNODC, 2011b.
– Cocaine Trafficking in West Africa: The threat to stability and development (with special reference to Guinea-Bissau). Viena: UNODC, 2007.
UNSC-United Nations Security Council. «Report of the United Nations assessment mission on piracy in the Gulf of Guinea (7 to 24 November 2011)».
UNSC, S/2012/45 (19 January 2012) [Fecha de consulta 21.11.2012]: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/AUUN%20S%202012%2045.pdf
Vigevani, Tullo y Cepaluni, Gabriel. Brazilian Foreign Policy in Changing Times: The Quest for Autonomy from Sarney to Lula. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009.
Walle, Nicolas van de. «US policy towards Africa: The Bush legacy and the Obama administration». African Affairs, vol. 109, n.º 434 (2010), p. 1-21.
Whitlock, Craig. «Contractors run U.S. spying missions in Africa». The Washington Post (14.06.2012).
World Bank. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. «Bridging the Atlantic. Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa: South-South Partnering for Growth». Washington: World Bank/IPEA, 2011.
Yapp, Robin. «South American drug gangs funding al-Qaeda terrorists». Telegraph (29.12.2010).
Zakaria, Fareed. The post-American World: Release 2.0. New York/London: Norton & Company, 2011