La protección de la infancia en situaciones de riesgo en América Latina a través de los códigos de la niñez.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2012.19.08Keywords:
Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, América Latina, Protección infantil, Trabajo infantil, Exclusión social, Justicia juvenil, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Latin America, Child protection, Child labour, Social exclusion, Juvenile justiceAbstract
La protección de los derechos de la infancia en América Latina, tras la ratificación por todos los países de la región de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, ha alcanzado, a nivel legal, un amplio desarrollo e implementación, adecuándose a dicho tratado internacional. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los diferentes códigos de la niñez, aprobados por la mayoría de países de la región y que son la expresión más firme de dicho tratado internacional y que se muestran como una herramienta para el trabajo del educador social. En este artículo, mediante una metodología comparada, analizamos dichos códigos utilizando como modelo las categorías subyacentes en la Convención, centrándonos en dos ámbitos: medidas protectoras para los niños en situación de riesgo social y la justicia juvenil, además de las instituciones de protección. Esta elección nos parece relevante pues muestran un campo de intervención en educación social. A través del análisis comparado, podemos llegar a las siguientes conclusiones relevantes: los códigos, en general, tienen un alto grado de congruencia con la Convención, aunque se aprecia una insistencia exagerada en el campo de la protección infantil y, sobre todo, en el de la justicia juvenil; asimismo insisten en las medidas de protección infantil, las medidas socioeducativas de la justicia juvenil y presentan una amplia red de instituciones a diferentes niveles administrativos, existentes en la región, incluida la figura del defensor del niño.
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The protection of the rights of childhood in Latin America since the ratification of the Convention on Rights of the Child by all countries of the region has reached a broad development and implementation on a legal level in accordance with this international treaty. The objective of this article is to analyse different codes of childhood which were approved by a majority of the countries of the region and which are the most effective expression of this international treaty, and the show to be a tool for the work of the social educators. In this article we analyse these codes with a comparative methodology using the underlying categories of the Convention as a model and concentrating on two points: measures to protect children in situations of social risk and juvenile justice, in addition to institutions that provide protection. This choice seems relevant because it shows a field of intervention in social education. We come to the following relevant conclusion by means of a comparative analysis: the codes generally show a high degree of congruence with the Convention, even though an exaggerated emphasis in the field of measures for infant protection, especially in juvenile justice, can be observed; the codes equally insist on measures for infant protection, socio-educational means of juvenile justice, and they present a large network of institutions at different administrative levels which exists in the region and which includes ombudsmen for children.
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