Burnout et stresseurs chez les enseignants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19
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INTRODUCTION. En raison de la pandémie de COVID-19, une série de mesures restrictives ont été prises pour aider à freiner la contagion, notamment la fermeture des lieux publics. Afin d’assurer la continuité de l’enseignement, la modalité virtuelle a été introduite; cependant, un grand nombre d’enseignants n’ont pas été en mesure de faire face à ces demandes parce qu’ils n’y étaient pas préparés. Pour cette raison, l’objectif de l’étude était de tester un modèle explicatif du burnout chez les enseignants basé sur les facteurs de stress au travail pendant la pandémie.
MÉTHODE. Une étude appliquée avec un plan explicatif de variables latentes a été proposée, en utilisant des équations structurelles (SEM). Les participants étaient 504 enseignants (M âge = 42.18; SD = 10.2) de l’éducation de base régulière provenant d’institutions publiques (62.7%) et privées (37.3%), de trois régions péruviennes, qui ont répondu à un formulaire sociodémographique, à l’échelle des facteurs de stress chez les enseignants en temps de pandémie et à l’inventaire d’épuisement de Maslach (MBI). RÉSULTATS. Il a été constaté que les dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel, de l’épuisement émotionnel et du cynisme s’expliquent par les facteurs de stress: l’environnement et la surcharge de travail, l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies, l’incertitude quant à la durée et aux conséquences de la pandémie, l’aspect organisationnel de l’établissement d’enseignement et les relations avec l’environnement de l’étudiant. DISCUSSION. Les résultats suggèrent que la pandémie de COVID-19 a généré une série de facteurs de stress qui ont eu un impact négatif sur la santé mentale des enseignants, qui éprouvent un sentiment d’épuisement émotionnel, de perte de force et d’énergie insuffisante pour continuer à faire face au travail, ainsi que des réponses insensibles ou distantes aux différentes caractéristiques du travail. En ce sens, il est proposé de renforcer les ressources personnelles et logistiques des enseignants pour faire face aux exigences de l’enseignement et contrer l’effet négatif des facteurs de stress.
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