From the "digital divide" to internet control. Uses, attitudes and digital participation in Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2023.178Keywords:
Digital divide, social networks, participation gap, digital capital, digital societyAbstract
Since the beginning of the popularization of the Internet in the 1990s, various debates have developed about social differences in participation in digital environments, which have taken the name of digital divide, in its most material, cognitive or power dimension. Progressively the debate has evolved from simplistic and / or utopian positions on the democratizing condition of the network towards more sociological visions, based on notions such as social and cultural capital. Specifically, we study the influence that digital capital exerts, together with the main socio-demographic aspects, on the uses of social networks by individuals in Spain. For this study, we used the data from the Eurobarometer 92.3 for the year 2019, and we applied the multinomial logistic regression technique. The most significant result, regarding the use of social networks, is that there are differentiated internet cultures, linked to the unequal distribution of digital capital.
References
Alexander, J. C. (2000). Sociología cultural: Formas de clasificación en las sociedades complejas. México: Anthropos.
Andrejevic, A. (2009). Exploiting Youtube: Contradictions of user-generated labour. En P. Snickars, & P Vonderau (Eds.), The YouTube reader (pp. 406-422). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden.
Anthias, F. (2013). Hierarchies of social location, class and intersectionality: Towards a translocational frame. International Sociology, 28(1), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580912463155
Bell, D. (2007). Cyberculture theorists: Manuel Castells and Donna Haraway. London: Routledge.
Bell, D., Loader, B. D., Pleace, N., & Schuler, D. (2004). Cyberculture: The key concepts. London: Routledge.
Benkler, Y. (2012). El pingüino y el leviatán: Por qué la cooperación es nuestra arma más valiosa para mejorar el bienestar de la sociedad. Barcelona: Deusto.
Bennett, T. (2010). Class, culture, distinction. Londres: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). La distinción: Criterios y bases sociales del gusto. Madrid: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2002a). Razones prácticas: Sobre la teoría de la acción. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Bourdieu, P. (2002b). Las reglas del arte: Génesis y estructura del campo literario. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Bourdieu, P. (2008). El sentido práctico. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Bourdieu, P. (2015). Los tres estados del capital cultural. Sociológica, 5(2), 11-17. http://www.sociologicamexico.azc.uam.mx/index.php/Sociologica/article/view/1043
Boyd, D., y Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history and scholarship. Journal Od Computer-Mediated Communications, 13(1), 2010-2030.
Calderón Gómez, D. (2019a). Technological capital and digital divide among young people: An intersectional approach. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(7), 941-958. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1559283
Calderón Gómez, D. (2019b). Una aproximación a la evolución de la brecha digital entre la población joven en España (2006-2015). Revista Española de Sociología, 28(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2018.16
Calderón Gómez, D. (2020). The third digital divide and bourdieu: Bidirectional conversion of economic, cultural, and social capital to (and from) digital capital among young people in madrid. New Media & Society, , 1461444820933252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820933252
Cardon, D. (2019). Culture numérique. Paris: Les Presses de Sciences Po.
Castells, M. (1997). La era de la información :Economía, sociedad y cultura. Madrid: Alianza.
De Rivera, J., Gordo, A., García Arnau, A., y Díaz Catalán, C. (2021). Los factores estructurales e intervinientes de la socialización digital juvenil. Revista Complutense de Educación, 32(3), 415-426. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.70389
DiMaggio, P. (2014). La influencia de internet en la producción y el consumo de cultura. destrucción creativa y nuevas oportunidades. En Open Mind BBVA (Ed.), 19 ensayos fundamentales sobre cómo internet está cambiando nuestras vidas (pp. 1-40). Madrid: BBVA.
DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C. , & Al.Shafer, S. (2004). From unequal access to differentiated use: A literature review and agenda for research on digital inequality. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Dutton, W. H., y Blank, G. (2013). Cultures of the internet. the internet in britain. OxIS survey: 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dutton, W. H., y Blank, G. (2015). Cultures on the internet. InterMedia, 42(4), 55-57. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2545596
Dutton, W. H., & Reisdorf, B. C. (2019). Cultural divides and digital inequalities: Attitudes shaping internet and social media divides. Information, Communication & Society, 22(1), 18-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1353640
Emmison, M., & Frow, J. (1998). Information technology as cultural capital. Australian University Review, 41(1), 41-45. https://doi.org/10.3316/ielapa.990706719
Fast, K., Lindell, J., & Jansson, A. (2021). Disconnection as distinction. En A. Jansson, & P. C. Adams (Eds.), Disentangling. (pp. 61-90). London: Oxford University Press.
Gilbert, M. (2010). Theorizing digital and urban inequalities. Information, Communication & Society, 13(7), 1000-1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.499954
Goldfarb, A., & Prince, J. (2008). Internet adoption and usage patterns are different: Implications for the digital divide. Information Economics and Policy, 20(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2007.05.001
Gonzales, A. L., Mastro, D. E., Wang, L. H., Bell, J., Anderson, P., & Ince, J. (2021). Dis “Like”: How race and education may influence the perceived costs of internet use in the U.S. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(57), 1-20.
Harambam, J., Aupers, S., & Houtman, D. (2013). The contentious gap. Information, Communication & Society, 16(7), 1093-1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.687006
Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in People’s online skills. First Monday, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i4.942
Hargittai, E., Gallo, J., & Kane, M. (2008). Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. Public Choice, 134(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9201-x
Hargittai, E., & Shaw, A. (2015). Mind the skills gap: The role of internet know-how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia. Information, Communication & Society, 18(4), 424-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711
Hargittai, E., & Walejko, G. (2008). The participation divide: content creation and sharing in the digital age. Information, Communication & Society, 11(2), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946150
Helsper, E. J., & Reisdorf, B. C. (2017). The emergence of a “digital underclass” in great britain and sweden: Changing reasons for digital exclusion. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1253-1270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634676
Hesmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S. (2015). Sex, gender and work segregation in the cultural industries. The Sociological Review, 63(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12238
Hodgson, G. M. (2014). What is capital? economists and sociologists have changed its meaning: Should it be changed back? Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38(5), 1063-1086. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beu013
Holt, T. J. (2010). Examining the role of technology in the formation of deviant subcultures. Social Science Computer Review, 28(4), 466-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309351344
Jen, S. (2015). The gendered digital production gap: Inequalities of affluence. En Communication and information technologies annual (pp. 185-213). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020150000009008
Jordan, T., y Taylor, P. (1998). A sociology of hackers. Sociological Review, 46(4), 757-780. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.001
Lindell, J. (2018). Distinction recapped: Digital news repertoires in the class structure. New Media & Society, 20(8), 3029-3049. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817739622
Lindell, J., Jansson, A., & Fast, K. (2021). I’m here! conspicuous geomedia practices and the reproduction of social positions on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 25(14), 2063-2082. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1925322
Lobera, J., Fernández Rodríguez, C. J., & Torres-Albero, C. (2020). Privacy, values and machines: Predicting opposition to artificial intelligence. Communication Studies, 71(3), 448-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1736114
Lüders, M., & Brandtzæg, P. B. (2017). ‘My children tell me it’s so simple’: A mixed-methods approach to understand older non-users’ perceptions of social networking sites. New Media & Society, 19(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814554064
Michael, M. (2000). Reconnecting culture, technology and nature. from society to heterogeneity. Londres: Routledge.
Morozov, E. (2013). To save everything, click here. New York: PublicAffairs.
Morozov, E. (2018). Capitalismo big tech: ¿Welfare o neofeudalismo digital?. Madrid: Enclave de Libros Ediciones.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Virtual inequality: Beyond the digital divide. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Ouellet, M. (2009). Cybernetic capitalism and the global information society : From the global panopticon to a “Brand” new world. En J. Best, & M. Paterson (Eds.), Cultural political economy (pp. 177-205). London: Taylor & Francis.
Paino, M., & Renzulli, L. A. (2013). Digital dimension of cultural capital: The (in)visible advantages for students who exhibit computer skills. Sociology of Education, 86(2), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040712456556
Park, S. (2017). Digital capital. London: Palgrave.
Pecourt, J. (2021). El campo mediático-digital y la diferenciación social. Política y Sociedad, 58(1), e60788. https://doi.org/10.5209/poso.60788
Portwood-Stacer, L. (2013). Media refusal and conspicuous non-consumption: The performative and political dimensions of Facebook abstention. New Media & Society, 15(7), 1041-1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465139
Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. Nueva York: Penguin.
Prensky, M. (2012). From digfital natives to digital wisdom. hopeful essays for 21st century learning. Sage: London.
Prieur, A., y Savage, M. (2013). Emerging forms of cultural capital. European Societies, 15(2), 246-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.748930
Ragnedda, M. (2017). The third digital divide. A weberian approach to digital inequalities. London: Routledge.
Ragnedda, M. (2018). Conceptualizing digital capital. Telematics and Informatics, 35(8), 2366-2375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.10.006
Ragnedda, M., & Muschert, G. W. (2018). Theorizing digital divides. En M. Ragnedda, & G. W. Muschert (Eds.), Theorizing digital divides (pp. 1-9). London: Routledge.
Ragnedda, M., Ruiu, M. L., & Addeo, F. (2020). Measuring digital capital: An empirical investigation. New Media & Society, 22(5), 793-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819869604
Rius-Uldemollins, J., y Pecourt Gracia, J. (2021). Sociología de la cultura en la era digital. València: Publicacions de la Universitat de València.
Robinson, L. (2009). A taste for the necessary. A Bourdieuian approach to digital inequality. Information, Communication & Society, 12(4), 488-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180902857678
Rodgers, M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations. Nueva York: The Free Press.
Rubio-Arostegui, J., Pecourt, J., & Rius-Ulldemolins, J. (2017a). Uses and abuses of creativity. sociology of creative processes, transitions to digital and creative policies. Debats. Revista De Cultura, Poder i Societat, 1. https://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-en.2016-9
Rubio-Arostegui, J., Pecourt, J., & Rius-Ulldemolins, J. (2017b). Usos i abusos de la creativitat. sociologia dels processos creatius, transicions a l’entorn digital i polítiques creatives. Debats.Revista De Cultura, Poder i Societat, 130(2). https://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats.130-2.11
Schradie, J. (2011). The digital production gap: The digital divide and web 2.0 collide. Poetics, 39(2), 145-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2011.02.003
Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042519
Selwyn, N. (2006). Digital division or digital decision? A study of non-users and low-users of computers. Poetics, 34(4), 273-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.003
Silverstone, R. (1992). Consuming technologies. media and information in domestic spaces. Nueva York: Routledge.
Smyrnaios, N. (2016). L’effet GAFAM: stratégies et logiques de l’oligopole de l’internet. Communication & langages, 188(2), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.4074/S0336150016012047
Stevenson, N. (2020). Radical democracy and the imagination of the commons: Beyond cultural populism. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(6), 953-969. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420957344
Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. London: Pluto Press.
Thomas, D. (2003). Hacker culture. Minneapolis: University of Minessota Press.
van Deursen, A., & van Dijk, J. (2019). The first-level digital divide shifts from inequalities in physical access to inequalities in material access. New Media & Society, 21(2), 354-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818797082
van Deursen, A., & van Dijk, J. (2011). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13(6), 893-911. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810386774
van Dijk, J. (2005). The deepening divide. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.
van Dijk, J. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34(4), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004
Weingartner, S. (2020). Digital omnivores? how digital media reinforce social inequalities in cultural consumption. New Media & Society, 23(11), 1461444820957635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820957635
Willekens, M., Siongers, J., & Lievens, J. (2022). Social stratification and social media disengagement. the effect of economic, cultural and social capital on reasons for non-use of social media platforms. Poetics, 95, 101708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101708
Wresch, W. (1996). Disconnected: Haves and have-nots in the information age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Zuboff, S. (2019). La era del capitalismo de la vigilancia. Paidós.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Alejandro Pizzi, Juan Pecourt, Joaquim Rius-Ulldemolins
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
• The transfer of the copyright of the article to Revista Española de Sociología.
• The assignment to the Revista Española de Sociología of the rights of commercial exploitation of the article to third parties both in the offset and digital formats, as well as to the search engines and platforms that may serve as intermediaries for the sale or knowledge of the article.