Transnational advocacy networks for human rights in the Mediterranean
Keywords:
transnational networks, civil society, social movements, Arab SpringAbstract
Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, nº 105
Quadrimestral (January-April 2014)
ISSN:1133-6595 | E-ISSN:2013-035X
Transnational advocacy networks (TAN) for human rights have proliferated in the Euro-Mediterranean area over the last two decades. Stable links between human rights associations from different countries have been created despite the structural factors that hamper this development. This article takes the example of the Arab Spring to consider the existence of sections of an international civil society –through a core of still-incipient transnational activism– that have predominantly local roots, but whose political discourse and action repertoires are similar to other phenomena operating simultaneously in other parts of the international system. Developments relating to the Arab Spring demonstrate the main problems of some of these networks: their distance from popular movements and the negative impact of the North-South divide.
>> The full text articles of this issue are available only in Spanish language
References
Abdalla, Nadine. «Social Protests in Egypt before and after the 25 January Revolution: Perspectives on the Evolution of their Forms and Features». IEMED Yearbook 2012. Barcelona: IEMed, 2012.
Acosta-García, Raúl. «La política interna de redes cívicas de apoyo. Estudios de caso en el Amazonas y el Mediterráneo». Renglones, n.º 60 (marzo-agosto de 2009) [en línea] [Fecha de consulta 17.09.2013] http://rei.iteso.mx/bitstream/handle/11117/253/raul_acosta.pdf?sequence=2
ACSUR-Las Segovias. El proceso del Foro Civil Euromediterráneo, Revisión Crítica 1995-2000. ACSUR-Las Segovias, 2002.
Aita, Samir. «Abattre le pouvoir pour librer l’Etat». Le Monde Diplomatique, n.º 685 (abril de 2011), p. 12-13.
Al-Sayyid, Mustapha K. «The concept of civil society and the Arab world», en: Brynen, Rex,Korany, Bahgat, y Noble, Paul. (eds.). Political liberalization and democratization in the Arab world. Vol 1. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995, p. 131-147.
Arrighi, Giovanni; Hopkins, Terence K. y Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. Movimientos antisistémicos. Madrid: Akal, [1999] 2002.
Barnett, Michel. Dialogues in Arab Politics. Negotiations in Regional Order. Nueva York: CUP, 1998.
Barreñada, Isaías y Martín, Iván. «La sociedad civil y la Asociación Euromediterránea: De la retórica a la práctica». Papeles, n.º 92 (2005), p. 78-89.
Brugué, Quim. «Social mobilisation and the construction of citizenship». Anuario IEMed del Mediterráneo, 2012. Barcelona: IEMed, 2012, p. 93-97.
Brumberg, Daniel. Moyen Orient. L’enjeu démocratique. París: Éditions Michalon, 2003a.
– «Liberalization versus Democracy. Understanding Arab Political Reform». Working Papers. Washington, DC: Carnagie Endowment for International Peace, 2003b, p. 1-20 [en línea] [Fecha de consulta 12.09.2013] http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1250#
– «Democratization in the Arab World? The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy». Journal of Democracy, vol. 13, n.º 4 (2002), p. 56-68.
Brynen, Rex; Korany, Bahgat, y Noble, Paul. Political Liberalization and democratization in the Arab world. Vol 2. Comparative Experiences. Boulder, Londres: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
– Political Liberalization and democratization in the Arab world. Vol 1. Theoretical Perspectives. Boulder, Londres: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
Carothers, Thomas. «The End of the Transition Paradigm». Journal of Democracy, n.º 13 (2002), p. 5-21.
Carpenter, R. C. «Governing the global agenda: “gate-keepers” and “issue adoption” in Transnational advocacy networks», en: Avant, Deborah, D., Finnemore, Marta y Sell, Susan K. Who governs the globe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 202-37.
Cavatorta, Alessandro. «Arab Spring: The Awakening of Civil Society. A General Overview». IEMED Yearbook, 2012, p. 75-81.
ECEM. La sociedad civil y las «primaveras mediterráneas». Encuentros internacionales. Madrid: ECEM, 2012.
Echart Muñoz, Enara. Movimientos sociales y relaciones internacionales: la irrupción de un nuevo actor. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata, 2008.
EMHRN. Executive Committee meeting. Minutes approved. Ginebra, 5-6 de marzo de 2011 [en línea] [Fecha de consulta 12.10.2013] http://www.euromedrights.org/files/EC_MEETING_geneva_Minutes_APPROVED_ENG_WEB_SITE_119204630.pdf
FCE, Forum Civil Euromed. Towards a New Scenario of Partnership in the EuroMediteranean Area. Barcelona: ICM, 1995.
Feliu, Laura. «Global civil society across the Mediterranean: The case of human rights». Mediterranean Politics, vol. 10, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2005), p. 365-384.
Finnemore, Margaret y Sikkink, Kathryn. «International Norm Dynamics and Political Change». International Organization, vol. 52 (1998), p. 887-918.
Florini, Anne. «The Evolution of International Norms». International Studies Quarterly, vol. 40 (1996), p. 363-389.
Forum Civil Euromed. Valencia 2002. Valencia: Fundació de la Solidaritat i el Voluntariat de la Comunitat Valenciana, Bancaixa, Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Benestar Social, 2002.
Fox, Jonathan A. y Brown, L. David. The Struggle for Accountability. The World Bank, NGOs, and the Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004.
Goldberg, Ellis; Kasaba, Resat y Migdal, Joel S. Rules and rights in the Middle East: Democracy, law, and society. Seattle, London: University of Washington Press, 1993.
Hernando de Larramendi, Miguel. «The Mediterranean Policy of Spain», en: Schäfer, Isabel y Henry, Jean-Robert (eds.). Mediterranean Policies from Above and Below. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009.
Heydemann, Steven. «Upgrading authoritarianism in the Arab world». The Brookings Institution, Analysis Paper, n.º 13 (2007), p. 1-37.
Hilgartner, Stephen y Bosk, Charles L. «The Rise and Fall of Social Problems». American Journal of Sociology, vol. 94 (1988), p. 53 78.
Ibarra, P., Martí, S. y Gomà, R. (coords.) Creadores de democracia radical. Barcelona: Icaria editorial, 2003.
ICM, Institut Català de la Mediterrània (ed.). Towards a New Scenario of Partnership in the Euro-Mediterranean Area, Forum Civil Euromed. Barcelona: ICM, 1996.
Izquierdo, Ferran (ed.). Political Regimes in the Arab World: Society and the Exercise of Power. Londres : Routledge, 2012.
Jünemann, Anette. «The Forum Civil Euromed: Critical Watchdog and Intercultural Mediator», en: Panebianco, Stefania (dir.). A new Euromediterranean Partnership Cultural Identitiy. Londres: Frank Cass, 2003, p. 84-107.
Keck, Margaret E. y Sikkink, Kathryn «Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics». International Social Science Journal, vol. 51, n.º 159 (1999), p. 89-101.
– Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Activist Networks in International Politics. Itaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998a.
– «Transnational advocacy networks in the movement society», en: Mayer, David, S. y Tarrow, Sidney. The social movement society: Contentious politics for a new century. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998, 217-238.
Khagram, Sanjeev; Riker, James V. y Sikkink, Kathryn. «From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational advocacy groups restructuring world politics», en: Khagram, S., Riker, J. V. y Sikkink, K. Restructuring world politics: Transnational social movements, networks, and norms, vol. I. Minnesota: Minnesota University Press, 2002, p. 3-23.
Marcet Fuentes, Martina y Durán Giralt, Enric. «El modelo Barcelona: Análisis de la poca viabilidad del Foro Social Mediterráneo”. Ecología política: cuadernos de debate internacional, n.º 29 (2005), p. 123-128.
Martín, Iván. Bringing the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Closer to the People: 35 Proposal to Engage Civil Society in the Barcelona Process. Rabat: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung-Maroc, 2005.
McAdam, Douglas. «Political Opportunities: Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions», en: McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John y Zald, Mayer (eds.). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 23-40.
Morera Herrera, David. «Crítica a la ambivalencia post-marxista». Revista de Ciencias Sociales, n.º 120 (2008), p. 81-100.
Nelson, Paul. «New Agendas and New Patterns of International NGOs Action». Voluntas: International Journal of Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 13, n.º 4 (2002), p. 377-392.
Norton, A. Richard. Civil Society in the Middle East. Londres: E.J.Brill, 1995.
Oberschall, Anthony. Social conflict and social movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Oliván, Helena. «El Fórum Civil Euromed: balance, continuidades y cambios». Quaderns de la Mediterrània, n.º 2-3 (2001), p.164 171.
Park, Susan. «How Transnational Environmental Advocacy Networks Socialize International Financial Institutions. A Case of the International Finance Corporation». Global Environmental Politics, vol. 5, n.º 4 (2005), p. 95-119.
PNGE. Paper of the EuroMed NGO Platform on Proposals for the creation of a permanent consultation mechanism between civil society and public authorities in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership prepared for the Civil Forum. Luxemburgo: PNGE, Abril de 2005.
Reinhardt, U. J. «Civil Society Co-operation in the EMP: from Declaration to Practice. Report by the working group on Goog Governance». Euromesco Paper , n.º 15 (2002).
Risse-Kappen, Thomas; Ropp, S. C. y Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.). The power of human rights: International norms and domestic change, vol. 66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Rivera, C. «Internacionalización de movimientos sociales. ¿Cuán efectivas son las redes transnacionales de apoyo?». Papel político, vol. 2 (2010), p. 617-636.
Sabata, Mónica. «El Foro Social del Mediterráneo 2005: Un primer paso en el proceso», en: Med. 2006: el año 2005 en el espacio Euromediterráneo. Barcelona: Instituto Europeo del Mediterráneo, IEMed., 2006, p. 206-207.
Sahin, Bican y Yıldız, Mete. «Transnational Advocacy Networks in Perspective: Democratization, Human Rights and NGOs in Turkey». UNISCI Discussion Papers, n.º 23 (mayo 2010), p. 61-76.
Salamé, Ghassan. Démocraties sans démocrates: Politiques d’ouverture dans le monde arabe et islamique. París: Fayard, 1994 [1993 ed. it.].
Sikkink, Kathryn. «The power of networks in international politics», en: Sikkink, Kathryn. Networked politics: agency, power, and governance, Cornell University Press. Nueva York: Ithaca, 2009, p. 228-247.
Szmolka, Inmaculada. «Democracias y autoritarismos con adjetivos: la clasificación de los países árabes dentro de una tipología general de regímenes políticos». Revista Española de Ciencia Política, vol. 26 (2011), p. 11-62.
Tarrow, Sidney, G. The New Transnational Activism. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Vivas, Esther. «Foro Social Mediterráneo: un balance». Mientras Tanto (julio de 2005), p. 13-15.
