Llorar fotografías: análisis de contenidos y discursos visuales sobre el cáncer en las fotografías de Olatz Vázquez en Instagram

Autores/as

  • Miguel Varela-Rodríguez Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social, Universidad de Valladolid
  • Miguel Vicente-Mariño Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social, Universidad de Valladolid

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2023.149

Palabras clave:

Comunicación visual del cáncer, Instagram, Olatz Vázquez, sociología de la salud, sociología visual

Resumen

Este artículo presenta un estudio de métodos mixtos del perfil de Instagram de Olatz Vázquez, fotógrafa y periodista que falleció a los 27 años a causa de un cáncer de estómago y que ayudó a visibilizar uno de los tipos de cáncer más letales y menos presentes en redes sociales digitales.  Sus imágenes, en blanco y negro, retratan las secuelas físicas y emocionales del cáncer y contrastan con los discursos habituales del cáncer, generalmente apoyados en imágenes positivas. El análisis de contenidos revela discursos visuales en torno a (1) la representación del cáncer como amenaza y aislamiento; (2) la distorsión de la identidad que supone para la paciente; (3) las respuestas agentivas de la paciente ante la enfermedad; y (4) la importancia del entorno social. Se espera que los resultados contribuyan a visibilizar el cáncer gástrico y a motivar una discusión sobre los discursos visuales dominantes en su comunicación social.

Citas

Attai, D. J., Cowher, M. S., Al-Hamadani, M., Schoger, J. M., Staley, A. C., & Landercasper, J. (2015). Twitter Social Media is an Effective Tool for Breast Cancer Patient Education and Support: Patient-Reported Outcomes by Survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(7), e4721. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4721

Banerjee, S. C., D’Agostino, T. A., Gordon, M. L., & Hay, J. L. (2018). ‘It’s Not JUST Skin Cancer’: Understanding Their Cancer Experience From Melanoma Survivor Narratives Shared Online. Health Communication, 33(2), 188-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1250707

Bell, K. (2010). Cancer survivorship, mor(t)ality and lifestyle discourses on cancer prevention. Sociology of Health & Illness, 32(3), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01198.x

Bell, K. (2012). Remaking the self: Trauma, teachable moments, and the biopolitics of cancer survivorship. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 36, 584-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-012-9276-9

Bell, K. (2014). The breast-cancer-ization of cancer survivorship: Implications for experiences of the disease. Social Science & Medicine, 110, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.031

Bender, J. L., Katz, J., Ferris, L. E., & Jadad, A. R. (2013). What is the role of online support from the perspective of facilitators of face-to-face support groups? A multi-method study of the use of breast cancer online communities. Patient Education and Counseling, 93(3), 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.07.009

Borowick, N., & Estrin, J. (2017). The family imprint: A daughter’s portrait of love and loss. Hatje Cantz.

Braun, L. A., Zomorodbakhsch, B., Keinki, C., & Huebner, J. (2019). Information needs, communication and usage of social media by cancer patients and their relatives. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 145(7), 1865-1875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-019-02929-9

Capewell, C., Ralph, S., & Symonds, M. (2020). Listening to women’s voices: Using an adapted photovoice methodology to access their emotional responses to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Journal of Patient Experience, 7(6), 1316-1323. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373520930463

Cerveto, H. (2020). Sección Áurea—Olatz Vázquez. En Efecto Doppler. Radio Nacional de España - Radio 3. https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/efecto-doppler/seccion-aurea-olatz-vazquez/5679791/

Cherian, R., Le, G., Whall, J., Gomez, S., & Sarkar, U. (2020). Content shared on social media for national cancer survivors day 2018. PLoS ONE, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226194

Cho, H., Silver, N., Na, K., Adams, D., Luong, K. T., & Song, C. (2018). Visual Cancer Communication on Social Media: An Examination of Content and Effects of #Melanomasucks. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(9), e10501. https://doi.org/10.2196/10501

De La Garza, H., Maymone, M. B. C., & Vashi, N. A. (2021). Impact of social media on skin cancer prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095002

De Noronha, S. (2019). Fotografías hechas de cáncer: El arte como pedazo de enfermedad en los relatos de mujeres. En M. Morcate, y R. Pardo (Eds.), La imagen desvelada: Prácticas fotográficas en la enfermedad, la muerte y el duelo. Sans Soleil Ediciones.

Del Busto-Bonifaz, S., de Haro-Gázquez, D., Arranz-Álvarez, B., Fernández-Sánchez, B., Fernández-Marcos, A., Cambas-Rubio, N., & Orbe-Martínez-Avial, I. (2021). Oncobarómetro. Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC). https://observatorio.contraelcancer.es/sites/default/files/informes/ONCOBAROMETRO_0.pdf

DeShazer, M. K. (2014). Documenting women’s postoperative bodies: Knowing Stephanie and “Remembering Stephanie” as collaborative cancer narratives. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 11, 445-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-014-9582-8

Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Welcome to Cancerland: A Mamogram Leads to a Cult of Pink Kitsch. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/archive/2001/11/welcome-to-cancerland/

Figuereo-Benítez, J. C., González-Quiñones, F., & Machin-Mastromatteo, J. D. (2021). Instagram como objeto de estudio en investigaciones recientes. Una revisión de literatura con enfoque en revistas científicas. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación, (53), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2021.i53.01

Frank, A. W. (2013). The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press.

Gentile, D., Markham, M. J., & Eaton, T. (2018). Patients With Cancer and Social Media: Harness Benefits, Avoid Drawbacks. Journal of Oncology Practice, 14(12), 731-736. https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.18.00367

Gómez, E., & Gallego-Crudo, J. (2021). ‎ Tener cáncer en pandemia (#807) [Episodio de Podcast]. En Carne Cruda. El Diario. https://www.eldiario.es/carnecruda/programas/cancer-pandemia_132_7177699.html

Gómez-Arrieta, N. R., y Silva-Salazar, Y. N. (2017). La fotografía terapéutica como forma de re-significación del cuerpo con mastectomía. Kepes, 14(15), 141-172. https://doi.org/10.17151/kepes.2017.14.15.6

Hale, B. J., Collins, R., & Kilgo, D. K. (2020). Posting about cancer: Predicting social support in Imgur comments. Social Media and Society, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120965209

Hawkins, N. A., Pollack, L. A., Leadbetter, S., Steele, W. R., Carroll, J., Dolan, J. G., Ryan, E. P., Ryan, J. L., & Morrow, G. R. (2008). Informational needs of patients and perceived adequacy of information available before and after treatment of cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 26(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1300/j077v26n02_01

Henderson, A., Miller, C. A., Sutton, A. L., & Guidry, J. P. D. (2021). #TripleNegativeBreastCancer on Instagram. Health Education & Behavior : The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 48(5), 567574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120985450

Henriksen, N., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T., & Hansen, H. P. (2011). Illness, everyday life and narrative montage: The visual aesthetics of cancer in ‘Sara Bro’s Diary’. Health, 15(3), 277-297.

International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2021). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods#cancer-dictionnary

Jones, E. C., Storksdieck, M., & Rangel, M. L. (2018). How Social Networks May Influence Cancer Patients’ Situated Identity and Illness-Related Behaviors. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00240

Kress, G. R., & Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge.

Laestadius, L. (2016). Instagram. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (pp. 573-592). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Lupton, D. (1994). Femininity, responsibility, and the technological imperative: Discourses on breast cancer in the australian press. International Journal of Health Services, 24(1), 73-89.

Martín, Á. (2021). Charla con Olatz Vazquez [Episodio de Podcast]. En Las Mañanas de AM. Ivoox. https://www.ivoox.com/mananas-am-charla-olatz-audios-mp3_rf_65226628_1.html

Martínez-Oliva, J., & Pujante-González, D. (2013). Mirar-se de cara al’espill: Jo Spence i HannahWilke. Mètode Popular Science Journal, (4), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.77.2477

Miller, C. A., Henderson, A. N., Guidry, J. P. D., McGuire, K. P., & Fuemmeler, B. F. (2020). Pinning Pink: Messages About Hereditary Breast Cancer Risk on Pinterest. Journal of Cancer Education : The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education, 37, 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01842-x

Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, C. (2013). A New Dimension of Health Care: Systematic Review of the Uses, Benefits, and Limitations of Social Media for Health Communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e85. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933

Navarro, V. (2009). What We Mean by Social Determinants of Health. International Journal of Health Services, 39(3), 423-441. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.39.3.a

Ngai, S. (2004). Ugly feelings. Harvard University Press.

Noar, S. M., Leas, E., Althouse, B. M., Dredze, M., Kelley, D., & Ayers, J. W. (2018). Can a selfie promote public engagement with skin cancer? Preventive Medicine, 111, 280-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.038

Olatz Vázquez (2022). [@olatzvazquez] [Perfil de Instagram]. https://www.instagram.com/olatzvazquez/

Panofsky, E. (2004). Estudios sobre iconología (1ra. edición, Decimocuarta reimpresión). Alianza.

Pardo, R. (2019). Fotografía y enfermedad: Iconografías en transformación. En La imagen desvelada: Prácticas fotográficas en la enfermedad, la muerte y el duelo (pp. 19-60). Sans Soleil Ediciones.

Park, S.-E., Tang, L., Bie, B., & Zhi, D. (2019). All pins are not created equal: Communicating skin cancer visually on Pinterest. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 9(2), 336-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby044

Pereira, J. L., Koski, S., Hanson, J., Bruera, E. D., & Mackey, J. R. (2000). Internet usage among women with breast cancer: An exploratory study. Clinical Breast Cancer, 1(2), 148-153; discussion 154-155. https://doi.org/10.3816/CBC.2000.n.013

Phillips, S. G., Della, L. J., & Sohn, S. H. (2011). What does cancer treatment look like in consumer cancer magazines? An exploratory analysis of photographic content in consumer cancer magazines. Journal of Health Communication, 16(4), 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.546484

Plage, S. (2020). Cancer survivorship reimagined: A qualitative study on evolving interpretative repertoires of cancer and survivorship using participant-produced photography. European Journal of Cancer Care, 29(6), e13320. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13320

Plage, S. (2021). Deploying Normality: Cancer Survivor Identity and Authenticity in Ritual-like Practice. Medical Anthropology, 40(5), 473-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2021.1909582

Plage, S. (2022). What can voice do? Combining narrative methods and participant-produced photography to explore contemporary cancer survivorship. Visual Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2021.2008814

Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080103

Robb, K. A., Simon, A. E., Miles, A., & Wardle, J. (2014). Public perceptions of cancer: A qualitative study of the balance of positive and negative beliefs. BMJ Open, 4(7), e005434. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005434

Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684

Rose, G. (2019). Metodologías visuales: Una introducción a la investigación con materiales visuales. CENDEAC.

Stage, C. (2019a). Affective measures: Self-measurement and gridding in female cancer patients’ storytelling practices on Instagram. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 20(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2019.1580594

Stage, C. (2019b). Cancer narratives on social media as ‘small stories’: An investigation of positioning, supportive (dis)alignment and tellability crises in cancer storytelling on Instagram. Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom Og Samfund, 16(31), a31. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfss.v16i31.116969

Stage, C., Klastrup, L., & Hvidtfeldt, K. (2021). Ugly media feelings: Negative affect in young cancer patients’ experiences of social media. First Monday, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i7.11093

Sweeney, E., & Killoran-McKibbin, S. (2016). Selling Pink: Feminizing the Non-Profit Industrial Complex from Ribbons to Lemonaid. Women’s Studies, 45(5), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2016.1186492

Tembeck, T. (2016). Selfies of Ill Health: Online Autopathographic Photography and the Dramaturgy of the Everyday. Social Media + Society, 2(1), 2056305116641343. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641343

Tetteh, D. A. (2021). “I just re-evaluated what was beautiful when I went through treatment:” an analysis of Elly Mayday’s ovarian cancer narrative. Feminist Media Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1922482

The Lancet Oncology. (2016). Perceptions of cancer in society must change. The Lancet Oncology, 17(3), 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00091-7

Urruzola, J. Á. (2010). Chau Bea. http://www.urruzola.net/obra/chau-bea/

Varela-Rodríguez, M., & Vicente-Mariño, M. (2021). Whose cancer? Visualising the distribution of mentions to cancer sites on Instagram. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 45(1), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453054.2021.1964356

Wilke, H., Jones, A., Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, & Nikolaj, Københavns Kommunes Udstillingsbygning (Eds.). (1995). Intra-Venus. Ronald Feldman Fine Arts.

XL Semanal. (2021, Septiembre 3). Adiós a Olatz Vázquez, un símbolo de la lucha contra el cáncer—XL Semanal. XLSemanal. https://www.abc.es/xlsemanal/a-fondo/olatz-vazquez-cancer-tratamientos-cancer-retrasos-coronavirus-pacientes-oncologicos-efectos-quimio.html

Zade, H. A., Habibi, L., Arabtani, T. R., Sarani, E. M., & Farpour, H. R. (2017). Functions of Social Networks in a Community of Cancer Patients: The Case of Instagram. International Journal of Networks and Communications, 7(4), 71-78.

Publicado

2022-11-24

Cómo citar

Varela-Rodríguez, M., & Vicente-Mariño, M. (2022). Llorar fotografías: análisis de contenidos y discursos visuales sobre el cáncer en las fotografías de Olatz Vázquez en Instagram. Revista Española De Sociología, 32(1), a149. https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2023.149