La desglobalización de la sociedad civil: los casos de Burundi y Liberia sobre los derechos de la mujer
Palabras clave:
sociedad civil, efecto bumerán, Burundi, Liberia, derechos humanos, seguridad de género, normas internacionalesResumen
Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, nº 105
Cuatrimestral (enero-abril 2014)
ISSN:1133-6595 | E-ISSN:2013-035X
Este artículo examina la evolución de las batallas internas de poder entre activistas de la campaña transnacional para la puesta en práctica de la Resolución 1325 y derivadas del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas sobre Mujeres, Paz y Seguridad desde una perspectiva postestructuralista. Basándose en un trabajo de campo extenso, el artículo intenta responder a la pregunta de cómo los activistas internacionales afectan las campañas locales de defensa de los derechos de la mujer en dos estados posconflicto: Burundi y Liberia. Es decir, ¿por qué la campaña en Burundi ha sido calificada de fracaso mientras que la campaña en Liberia ha provocado la admiración de la comunidad internacional?
Citas
Alcalde, Javier. «International Disarmament Campaigns: A current state of affairs». Materials of Peace and Human Rights, n.º 14 (2009). Barcelona: The Office for the Promotion of Peace and Human Rights, Generalitat de Catalunya.
Anderson, Kenneth. «The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International Non-governmental Organisations and the Idea of International Civil Society». European Journal of International Law, vol. 11, n.º 1 (2000), p. 91-120.
Anheier, Helmut et al. (eds.). Global Civil Society 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Becker, Jo. Campaigning for Justice; Human Rights Advocacy in Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
– «Children as Weapons of War». Human Rights Watch World Report 2004 (2004), p. 219-244.
Beland, Daniel. «Ideas, Institutions, and Policy Change». Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 16, n.º 5 (2009), p. 701-718.
Bieri, Franziska. «The Roles of NGOs in the Kimberley Process». Globality Studies Journal, n.º 20 (2010).
Bob, Clifford. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media and International Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Boli, John y Thomas, George M. Constructing World Culture: International NonGovernmental Organisations since 1875. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Borras, Saturnino M. et al. (eds.). Transnational Agrarian Movements confronting Globalization. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
Cameron, Maxwell A.; Lawson, Robert J. y Tomlin, Brian W. To Walk Without Fear. The Movement to Ban Landmines. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Carpenter, R. Charli. «Vetting the advocacy agenda: Network centrality and the Paradox of Weapons Norms». International Organisation, n.º 65 (invierno 2011), p. 69-102.
Carstensen, Martin B. «Ideas are not as stable as political scientists want them to be: A theory of incremental ideational change». Political Studies, vol. 59, n.º 3 (octubre 2011), p. 596-615.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge, 2000, 2ª edición.
Cox, James C. «How to Identify Trust and Reciprocity». Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 46, n.º 2 (2004), p. 260-281.
Della Porta, Donatella y Diani, Mario. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1999.
Della Porta, Donatella; Kriesi, Hanspeter y Rucht, Dieter. (eds.). Social Movements in a Globalizing World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Della Porta, Donatella y Tarrow, Sydney G. (eds.). Transnational Movements and Global Activism. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
Glasius, Marlies. The International Criminal Court: A Global Civil Society Achievement. (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics). London: Routledge, 2005.
Gould, Roger V. «Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune». American Sociological Review, vol. 56, n.º 6 (1991), p. 716-729.
Grugel, Jean. «Romancing civil society: European NGOs in Latin America». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol. 42, n.º 2 (2000), p. 87- 107.
Hansen, Allan D. y Sorensen, Eva. «Polity as Politics: Studying the Shaping and Effects of Discursive Polities», en: Howarth, David y Torfing, Jacob (eds.). Discourse Theory in European Politics: Identity, Policy and Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 93-116.
Hardt, Michael. «Porto Alegre: today’s Bandung», en: Amoore, Louise (ed.). The Global Resistance Reader. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hooks, Bell. Yearning: race, gender and cultural politics. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Howarth, David. «Applying discourse theory: The method of articulation», en: Howarth, David y Torfing, Jacob (eds.). Discourse Theory in European Politics: Identity, Policy and Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Howarth, David y Stavrakakis, Yannis. «Introducing discourse theory and political analysis», en: Howarth, David et al. (eds.). Discourse Theory and Political Analysis: Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
Jezic, Tamara. «Ecuador: The Campaign against Texaco oil», en: Cohen, David et al. (eds.). Advocacy for Social Justice – A Global Action and Reflection Guide. Bloomfield, Conn: Kumarian Press, 2001.
Jordan, Lisa y Van Tuijl, Peter. «Political Responsibility in Transnational NGO Advocacy». World Development, vol. 28, n.º 12 (2000).
Kazoviyo, Gertrude y Gahungu, Pékagie. «The issue of inheritance for women in Burundi». Project Report. FRIDE, 2011 (en línea): http://www.fride.org/publication/899/project-report
Keck, Margaret E. y Sikkink, Kathryn. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Kriesi, Hanspeter. «Local Mobilization Processes in the Dutch Peace Movement», en: Klandermans, Bert, Kriesi, Hanspeter y Tarrow, Sidney T. (eds.). From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across Cultures. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI-Press, 1988, p. 41-82.
Laclau, Ernesto y Mouffe, Chantal. «Post-Marxism without apologie», en: Laclau, Ernesto (ed.). New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time. London: Verso, 1990.
Lieberman, Evan S. Boundaries of Contagion. How Ethnic Politics have shaped government responses to AIDS. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
Maiguashca, BICE. «Globalisation and the “politics of identity”», en: Eschle, Catherine y Maiguashca, Bice (eds.). Critical Theories, International Relations and «the Anti Globalisation Movemen»t. The politics of Global Resistance. Oxon: Routledge, 2005.
McAdam, Doug. «Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions», en: McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D. y Zald, Mayer N. (eds.). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
McAdam, Doug; Tarrow, Sidney y Tilly, Charles. Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
McCarthy, John D. y Zald, Mayer N. «Resource mobilization and social-movements: A Partial Theory». American Journal of Sociology, vol. 82, n.º 6 (1977), p. 1212-1241.
McLeod, Laura. «Back to the future: Temporality and Gender Security Narratives in Serbia». Security Dialogue, vol. 44, n.º 2 (2013), p. 165-181.
– «Configurations of Post-Conflict: Impacts of Representations of Conflict and Post-Conflict upon the (Political) Translations of Gender Security within UNSCR 1325». International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 13, n.º 4 (2011), p. 594-611.
Melucci, Alberto. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Moran, Mary H. y Pitcher, Anne. «The “basket case” and the “poster child”: Explaining the end of civil conflicts in Liberia and Mozambique». Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, n.º 3 (2004), p. 501-519.
Moyes, Richard y Rappert, Brian. «The Prohibition of Cluster Munitions: Setting International Precedents for Defining Inhumanity». The Nonproliteration Review, vol. 16, n.º 2 (2009).
Nash, Thomas. «Stopping Cluster Munitions». Disarmament Forum, Special Issue on Cluster Munitions, n.º 4 (2006), p. 35-44.
Ndacayisaba, Goretti. «Enhancing Security and the Rule of Law: How can gender be better integrated into the priorities of the UN Peacebuilding Commission?». Speech before the High-level Roundtable on Gender and Security in Burundi and Sierra Leone, 5 de junio de 2007 (en línea): http://womenpeacesecurity.org/media/pdfGoretti_Speech_June2007.pdf
Pizzorno, Alessandro. «Some other kinds of Otherness: A Critique of “Rational Choice” Theories», en: Foxley, Alejandro (ed.). Development, Democracy and the Art of Tresspassing. Essays In Honour of Albert Hirschman. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
Price, Rrichard. «Transnational civil Society Targets Landmines». International Organization, vol. 52, n.º 3 (1998), p. 613-644.
Princen, Thomas y Finger, Matthias (eds.). Environmental NGOs in World Politics – Linking the Local and the Global. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Rappert, Brian et al. «The roles of civil society in the development of standards around new weapons and other technologies of warfare». International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 94, n.º 886 (verano de 2012).
Reitan, Ruth. Global Activism. London: Routledge, 2007.
Risse, Thomas; Ropp, Stephen C. y Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.). The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Rodrigues, Maria Guadalupe Moog. Global Environmentalists and Global Politics. Transnational Advocacy Networks in Brazil, Ecuador, and India. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
Schimmelfennig, Frank. «International Socialization in the New Europe. Rational Action in an Institutional Environment». European Journal of International Relations, vol. 6, n.º 1 (2000), p. 109-139.
Shepherd, Laura J. «Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters», en: Shepherd, Laura J. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. London: Routledge, 2010, p. 3-16.
– «“To Save Succeeding Generations from the Scourge of War”: The US, UN, and the Violence of Security». Review of International Studies, vol. 34, n.º 2 (2008), p. 293-311.
Smith, Jackie; Chatfield, Charles y Pagnucco, Ron (eds.). Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Steinberg, Marc. «The Talk and Back Talk of Collective Action: A Dialogic Analysis of repertoires of Discourse among Nineteenth-Century English Cotton Spinners». American Journal of Sociology, vol. 105, n.º 3 (noviembre 1999), p. 736-780.
Stern, Maria. Naming Security – Constructing Identity: “Mayan-Women” in Guatemala on the Eve of “Peace”. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.
Tanesini, Alessandra. An introduction to feminist epistemologies. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell publishers, 1999.
Tarrow, Sidney G. Power in movement: Social movements, collective action, and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 [1998].
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, S/Res/1325 (2000) (en línea): http://www.un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf
Willetts, Peter (ed.). The Conscience of the World: The Influence of NGOs in the United Nations System. London: C Hurst, 1996.
Williams, Jody; Goose, Stephen y Wareham, Mary. Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy and Human Security. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2008.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. Gender and Nation. London: Sage, 1997.
