El colectivo LGTBI en el deporte como objeto de investigación sociológica. Estado de la cuestión

David Moscoso; Joaquín Piedra

doi:10.22325/fes/res.2019.14

Autores/as

David Moscoso
Joaquín Piedra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2019.14

Palabras clave:

deporte, diversidad sexual, heteronormatividad, integración, discriminación

Resumen

El deporte ha sido históricamente un lugar de dominación masculina, reservado a un único colectivo: los hombres que cumplen con los requisitos de lo que Connell (1995) denomina masculinidad hegemónica (heterosexualidad, desarrollo físico, poca afectividad). Dicha dominación explica la escasa participación de las mujeres y el rechazo de la homosexualidad en la práctica deportiva. A pesar del cambio social experimentado en las sociedades avanzadas, el deporte sigue siendo uno de los pilares más acentuados de la dominación androcéntrica, con gran hostilidad hacia la presencia de gays y lesbianas en sus espacios de práctica, determinando estructural y simbólicamente la institución deportiva. Este artículo analiza el estado de la
cuestión de la historia del deporte homosexual, los avances legislativos y normativos, y las principales líneas de investigación que desde las ciencias sociales se han desarrollado hasta nuestros días.

Citas

Adams, A., Anderson, E. (2012). Exploring the relationship between homosexuality and sport among the teammates of a small Midwestern Catholic College soccer team. Sport, Education and Society, 17(3), 347-363.

Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender & Society, 6(6), 860-877. Anderson, E. (2009). Inclusive masculinity: the changing nature of masculinities. New York: Routledge.

Anderson, E. (2014). 21st Century Jocks: sporting men and contemporary heterosexuality. Lon- don: Palgrave Macmillan.

Anderson, E., Magrath, R., Bullingham, R. (2016). Out in Sport. The experiences of openly gay and lesbian athletes in competitive sport. London: Routledge.

Anderson, E., McCromack, M., Lee, H. (2012). Male Team Sport Hazing Initiations in a Culture of Decreasing Homohysteria. Journal of Adoles- cent Research, 27, 427-448.

Ayvazo, S., Sutherland, S. (2009). Uncovering the secrets: Homophobia in Physical Education. Action in Teacher Education, 31(3), 56-69.

Azzarito, L., Katzew, A. (2010). Performing identities in Physical Education: (en)gendering fluid selves. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(1), 25-37.

Barber, H., Krane, V. (2007). Creating Inclusive and Positive Climates in Girls’ and Women’s Sport: Position Statement on Homophobia, Homonegativism, and Heterosexism. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 16(1), 53-56.

Barbero, J. I. (2003). La educación física y el de- porte como dispositivos normalizadores de la heterosexualidad. En O. Guasch y O. Viñuales (eds.), Sexualidades: diversidad y control social (pp. 355-377). Barcelona: Bellaterra.

Blández, J., Fernández, E., Sierra, M. A. (2007). Es- tereotipos de género, actividad física y escuela: la perspectiva del alumnado. Profesorado: Re- vista de Currículum y Formación del Profesora- do, 11(2), 1-21.

Bourdieu, P. (1988). La distinción: Criterios y bases sociales del gusto. Madrid: Taurus.

Braclenridge, C., Rivers, I., Brendan, G., Llewe- llyn, K. (2007). Driving down participation: homophobic bullying as a deterrent to doing sport. En C. Aitchison (ed.), Sport & gender identities: masculinities, femininities and sexualities (pp. 122-139). London: Routledge.

Brohm, J. M. (1982). Sociología política del deporte.

México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económico.

Cagigal, J. M. (1981). ¡Oh, deporte! Anatomía de un gigante. Valladolid: Miñón.

Campbell, J., Cothren, D., Rogers, R. (2011). Sport Fans’ Impressions of Gay Male Athletes. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(5), 597-607.

Cashmore, E., Cleland, J. (2011). Glasswing butterflies: gay professional football players and their culture. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(4), 420-436.

Caudwell, J. (2009). Girlfight and Bend it Like Beck- ham: screening women, sport, and sexuality. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(3), 255-271.

Caudwell, J. (2013). “Does your boyfriend know you’re here?”. The spatiality of homophobia in men’s football culture in the UK. En J. Caudwell y K. Browne (eds.), Sexualities, Spaces and Lei- sure Studies (pp. 9-24). London: Routledge.

Caudwell, J. (2014). [Transgender] young men: gendered subjetivities and the physically ac- tive body. Sport, Education and Society, 19(4), 398-414.

Cavalier, E. S. (2011). Men at Sport: Gay Men’s Experiences in the Sport Workplace. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(5), 626-646.

Chin, M. M., Kuo, S. W. (2010). From metacognition to social metacognition: similarities, differences, and learning. Journal of Education Re- search, 3(4), 321-338.

Clarke, G. (1998). Queering the Pitch and coming out to play: lesbians in Physical Education and Sport. Sport, Education and Society, 3(2), 145- 160.

Clarke, G. (2006a). There’s nothing queer about difference. Challenging heterosexism and homophobia in Physical Education. En S. Hayes y

G. Stidder (eds.), Equity and Inclusion in Physical Education and Sport (pp. 91-104). London: Routledge.

Clarke, G. (2006b). Sexuality and Physical Education. En D. Kirk, D. MacDonald y M. O’Sullivan (eds.), The Handbook of Physical Education (pp. 723-739). London: SAGE.

Connell, R. (1995). Masculinities. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Cunningham, G. B., Melton, N. (2012). Prejudice Against Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Coaches: The Influence of Race, Religious Fundamental- ism, Modern Sexism, and Contact with Sexual Minorities. Sociology of Sport Journal, 29(3), 283-305.

DALIA (2016). Counting the LGBT population: 6 % of Europeans identity as LGBT (en línea). https://daliaresearch.com/counting-the-lgbt- population-6-of-europeans-identify-as-lgbt/.

Davis-Delano, L. R. (2014). Sport as context for the development of women’s same-sex relation- ships. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(3), 263-285.

De Léséleuc, E., Le Roux, N., Marcellini, A. (2012). Pratique sportive, visibilité et intégration so- ciale des personnes handicapées. Anduli. Re- vista Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales, 11, 71-85. Devís, J., Pereira, S., Valencia, A., Fuentes, J., López- Cañada, E., Pérez-Samaniego, V. (2017). Ha- rassment Patterns and Risk Profile in Spanish Trans Persons. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(2), 239-255.

Dobbs, B. (1973). Edwardians at Play: Sport 1890- 1914. London: Sage.

Elling, A., De Knop, P., Knoppers, A. (2003). Gay/ lesbian sport clubs and events: places of homo-social bonding and cultural resistance? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 4(38), 441-456.

Eng, H. (2006). Queer athletes and queering in sport. En J. Caudwell (ed.), Sport, sexualities and queer/theory (pp. 46-61). London: Rout- ledge.

Eng, H. (2008). Doing sexuality in sport. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(1-2), 103-123.

Ensign, K., Yiamouyiannis, A., White, K., Ridpath, D. (2011). Athletic trainers’ attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(1), 69-75.

Gill, D. L., Morrow, R. G., Collins, K. E., Lucey, A. B., Scultz, A. M. (2010). Perceived Climate in Physical Activity Settings. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(7), 895-913.

Griffin, P. (1991). Identity management strategies among lesbian and gay educators. Qualitative Studies in Education, 4(3), 189-202.

Griffin, P. (1998). Strong women, deep closet: Les- bian and homophobia in sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Griffin, P. (2002). Changing the game: Homophobia. Sexism and lesbians in sport. En S. Scraton y A. Flintoff (eds.), Gender and Sport: a reader (pp. 193-208). London: Routledge.

Griffin, P. (2012). LGBT equality in sports: Celebrat- ing our successes and facing our challenges. En G. B. Cunningham (ed.), Sexual orienta- tion and gender identity in sport: Essays from activists, coaches, and scholars (pp. 1-12). College Station: Center for Sport Management Research and Education.

Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework. En D. Hope (ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and sexual identities (pp. 65-111). New York: Springer.

Hyde, J., Delamater, J. (2006). Understanding hu- man sexuality (9th Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Jarvis, N. (2006). Ten men out: gay sporting masculinities in softball. En J. Caudwell (ed.), Sport, sexualities and queer/theory (pp. 62-75). Lon- don: Routledge.

Kahn, L. (1991). Discrimination in professional sports: A survey of the literature. ILR Review, 44(3), 395-418.

Kauer, K., Krane, V. (2006). “Scary dykes” and “Feminine Queens”: Stereotypes and Female Collegiate Athletes. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 15(1), 42-55.

Krane, V. (1997). Homonegativism experienced by lesbian collegiate athletes. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 6(1), 141-163.

Krane, V., Barber, H. (2003). Lesbian experiences in sport: a social identity perspective. Quest, 55, 328-346.

Lefevre, N. (1998). Les Eurogames 5: un analyseur de l’évolution du réseau sportif gay et lesbien français. Revue Corps et Culture, 3, 57-67.

McCaughtry, N., Dillon, S. R., Jones, E., Smigell, S. (2005). Sexuality sensitive schooling. Quest, 57(4), 426-443.

Messner, M. (1992). Power and play. Sport and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. Messner, M. (2007). Out of play. Critical essays on gender and sport. Albany: University of New York.

Morrow, R. G., Gill, D. L. (2003). Perceptions of homophobia and heterosexism in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(2), 205-214.

Moscoso, D. (2005). La construcción social y cultural del liderazgo en el deporte. Apunts: Educa- ción Física y Deportes, 79, 5-12.

Moscoso, D. (2006). La sociología del deporte en España. Estado de la cuestión. Revista Inter- nacional de Sociología, 44, 177-204.

Moscoso, D. (2008). The social construction of gen- der identity amongst mountaineers. European Journal for Sport and Society, 5(2), 187-194.

Moscoso, D., Rodríguez, A., Fernández, J. (2014). De la democratización del deporte a la hegemonía de los mercados: el caso español. Movimento, 20, 109-124.

Norman, L. (2013). The concepts underpinning everyday gendered homophobia based upon the experiences of lesbian coaches. Sport in Society, 16(10), 1326-1345.

O’Brien, K. S., Shovelton, H., Latner, J. D. (2013). Homophobia in physical education and sport: The role of physical/sporting identity and at- tributes, authoritarian aggression, and social dominance orientation. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 891-899.

Oswalt, S. B., Vargas, T. M. (2013). How safe is the playing field? Collegiate coaches’ attitudes to- wards gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Sport in Society, 16(1), 120-132.

Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of a concealing a stigma: a cognitiveaf- fective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulle- tin, 2(133), 328-345.

Pérez-Samaniego, V., Pereira, S., López-Cañada, E., Fuentes, J., Devís, J. (2017). Sport and Physical Exercise among Spanish Trans Persons. En

E. Anderson y A. Travers (eds.), Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport (pp. 80-89). Lon- don: Routledge.

Piedra, J. (2015). Gays y lesbianas en el deporte: discurso de jóvenes universitarios españoles en torno a su aceptación. Movimento, 21(4), 1067-1081.

Piedra, J., García-Pérez, R., Channon, A. (2017). Be- tween Homohysteria and Inclusivity: Tolerance towards sexual diversity in sport. Sexuality and Culture, 21(4), 1018-1039.

Piedra, J., Ramírez, G., Latorre, A. (2014). Visibili- zando lo invisible: creencias del profesorado de educación física sobre homofobia y masculini- dades. Retos, 25, 60-66.

Piedra, J., Rodríguez, A. R., Ries, F., Ramírez, G. (2013). Homofobia, heterosexismo y educación física: percepciones del alumnado. Profesora- do. Revista de Currículum y Formación del Pro- fesorado, 17(1), 325-338.

Place, G., Beggs, B. (2011). Motivation factors for participation in GLBT sports league. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(10), 1409-1420.

Pronger, B. (1990). The arena of masculinity: Sports, masculinity, and the meaning of sex. New York: St. Martins Press.

Pronger, B. (2000). Homosexuality and sport. Who’s winning? En J. McKay, M. A. Messner y D. Sabo (eds.), Masculinities, Gender Relations, and Sport (pp. 222-244). London: SAGE.

Ramírez, G., Piedra, J., Ries, F., Rodríguez, A. R. (2014). La mujer y el deporte en el cine del siglo xxi. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y Deporte, 14(56), 719-734.

Roper, E. A., Halloran, E. (2007). Attitudes towards gay men and lesbians among heterosexual male and female student-athletes. Sex Roles, 57(11), 919-928.

Sánchez, R., Moscoso, D. (2015). “How can one be a sports fan?”. La contribución de Pierre Bou- rdieu al estudio social del deporte. Empiria. Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, 30, 161-180.

Sartore, M. L., Cunningham, G. (2009). Gender, sex- ual prejudice and sport participation: Implica- tions for sexual minorities. Sex Roles, 60(1-2), 100-113.

Sparkes, A. C. (1994). Self, silence and invisibility as a beginning teacher: A life history of lesbian experience. British Journal of Sociology of Edu- cation, 15(1), 93-118.

Squires, S. I., Sparkes, A. C. (1996). Circles of si- lence: Sexual identity in physical education and sport. Sport, Education and Society, 1(1), 77-101.

Sternob, B. (2011). Come out to play. Confronting ho- mophobia in sports. En S. Spickard y B. Lamp- man (eds.), Learning culture through sports: perspective on society and organized sports (pp. 92-106). Landham: Rowman and Littlefield. Sykes, H. (1998). Turning the closets inside/out: Towards a queer-feminist theory in women’s physical education. Sociology of Sport Journal,15(2), 154-173.

Sykes, H. (2001). Understanding and overstanding: Feminist-poststructural life histories of physi- cal education teachers. Qualitative Studies in Education, 14(1), 13-31.

Sykes, H. (2004). Pedagogies of censorchip, injury and masochism: teacher responses to homo- phobic speech in physical education. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 36(1), 75-99.

Symons, C. (2007). Challenging homophobia and heterosexism in sport: the promise of the Gay Games. En C. Aitchison (ed.), Sport & Gender Identities: masculinities, femininities and sexualities (pp. 140-159). London: Routledge.

Symons, C. (2010). The gay games: A history. New York: Routledge.

Thomas, R. (1988). Sociología del deporte. Barce- lona: Bellaterra.

Van de Ven, P., Bornholt, L., Bailey, M. (1996). Measuring cognitive, affective, and behavioral of homophobic reaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(2), 155-179.

Watson, R., Tucker, L., Drury, S. (2013). Can we make a difference? Examining the transformative potential of sport and active recreation. Sport in Society, 16(10), 1233-1247.

Walther, T. (2006). Kick it out. Homophobia in Foot- ball. Amsterdam: European Gay and Lesbian Sport Federation.

Weinberg, G. (1972). Society and the healthy homo- sexual. New York: St. Martin’s.

Wellard, I. (2006). Exploring the limits of queer and sport: gay men playing tennis. En J. Caudwell (ed.), Sport, sexualities and queer/theory (pp. 76-89). London: Routledge.

Whannel, G. (2001). Media sport stars: masculinities and moralities. London: Routledge.