La política exterior de Arabia Saudí: equilibrio entre factores domésticos y externos

Itxaso Domínguez de Olazábal; David Hernández Martínez

doi:10.21308/recp.56.01

Itxaso Domínguez de Olazábal Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
David Hernández Martínez Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.56.01

Palabras clave: Arabia Saudí, Oriente Próximo, Política exterior, Wabahismo, Primavera Árabe, Realismo subalterno, Mohammed Ayoob

Resumen

Este artículo analiza la evolución de la política exterior de Arabia Saudí, con un énfasis particular en la situación tras los levantamientos antiautoritarios de 2011. Con el marco teórico del realismo subalterno como punto de partida, el objeto de estudio se centra en cómo la estrecha vinculación entre la situación doméstica y los condicionantes externos, en particular en el contexto del Golfo y Oriente Próximo, ha orientado la forma en que la Corona ha articulado y desarrollado la estrategia exterior del país. El objetivo último del reino, ayer y hoy, consiste en garantizar la estabilidad de la Corona y otorgar legitimidad a su mandato. El artículo se centra en diferentes dimensiones de la llamada Doctrina Salman y en el destacado papel que en ella juega su hijo Mohammed bin Salman, príncipe heredero y actual ministro de Defensa, y repasa las principales cuestiones de la agenda nacional y regional del régimen saudí.

Citas

Ahmadian, Hassan. 2018. «Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Age of Trump», Survival. Global Politics and Strategy, 60 (2): 133-150. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2018.1448579.

Ahrari, Mohammed E. 1989. The Gulf and International Security: The 1980s and beyond. Londres: Palgrave. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10864-0.

Alamer, Sultan (ed.). 2016. Fi tarikh al-Uruba. Beirut: Jusour.

Al-Kibsi, Gassan, Jonathan Woetzel, Tom Isherwood, Jawad Khan, Jan Mischke y Hassan Noura. 2015. Saudi Arabia beyond Oil: The Investment and Productivity Transformation. Londres; Dubai: McKinsey Global Institute. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/LmaP0Go.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2010. A History of Saudi Arabia. Londres: Cambridge University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511993510.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2014.«Saudi Internal Dilemmas and Regional Responses to the Arab Uprisings», en Fawaz Gerges (ed.), The New Middle East. Protest and Revolution in the Arab World. Londres: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2015a. Muted Modernists. The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2015b. Is It Always Good to Be King? Saudi Regime Resilience After the 2011 Arab Popular Uprisings. London School of Economics Middle East Centre Papers, 12. Disponible en web: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64749/.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2015c. «How united is the GCC?», Al-Monitor, 3-4-2015. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/WmaAdEJ.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2017. «Sectarianism as Counter-Revolution: Saudi Responses to the Arab Spring», en Nader Hashemi y Danny Postel (eds.), Sectarianization. Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi (ed.). 2018. Salman»s Legacy. The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi y Pejman Abdolmohammadi. 2018. Saudi Arabia and Iran: Beyond Conflict and Coexistence? Workshop Proceedings. LSE Middle East Centre Report. Agosto de 2018. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/0maAGHv.

Al Tamamy, Saud Mousaed. 2012. «Saudi Arabia and the Arab Spring: opportunities and challenges security», Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 2 (2): 143-156. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2012.734117.

Álvarez-Ossorio, Ignacio. 2015. «El enroque autoritario del régimen sirio: de la revuelta popular a la guerra civil», Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 109: 157-176.

Ardemagni, Eleonora. 2019. Gulf Monarchies’ Militarized Nationalism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Disponible en: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/78472.

Ayoob, Mohammed. 1997. «Defining Security: A Subaltern Realist Perspective», en Keith Krause y Michael C. Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Ayoob, Mohammed. 1998. «Subaltern Realism: International Relations Meets the Third World», en Stepahnie Neuman (ed.), International Relations Theories and the Third World. Nueva York: St. Martin’s Press.

Ayoob, Mohammed. 2002. «Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations: The Case for Subaltern Realism», International Studies Review, 4 (3): 27-48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00263.

Azaola, Bárbara. 2019. «The foreign policy of post-Mubarak Egypt and the strengthening of relations with Saudi Arabia: Balancing between economic vulnerability and regional and regime security», The Journal of North African Studies, 24 (3): 401-425. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1454650.

Bach, Daniel. 2011. «Patrimonialism and neopatrimonialism: Comparative trajectories and readings», Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 49 (3): 275-294. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2011.582731.

Bank, André y Thomas Ritcher. 2010. «Neopatrimonialism in the Middle East and North Africa: Overwiew, critique and alternative conceptualization». Conference: Workshop Neopatrimonialism in Various World Regions, at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg.

Baumann, Hannes. 2019. «The transformation of Saudi Arabia»s rentier state and “the international”», Globalizations, 16 (7): 1165-1183. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2019.1573870.

Beblawi, Hazem. 1990. «The rentier state in the Arab world», en Giacomo Luciani (ed.), The Arab state. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Buzan, Barry y Ole Waever. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491252.

Campbell, Evan y Steve A. Yetiv 2017. «Realpolitik and Religion: The Twin Sources of Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Policy», en Jack Covarrubias (ed.). Strategic Interests in the Middle East. Opposition or Support for US Foreign Policy. Londres: Routledge.

Chabal, Patrick y Jean Pascal Daloz. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey.

Charrad, Mounira. M. 2011. «Central and local patrimonialism: state-building in Kin-based societies». The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 636: 49-68. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211401825.

Chalk, Peter. 2004. «Non-Military Security in the Wider Middle East», Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26: 197-214. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/

Dalacoura, Katerina. 2012. «The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: Political change and geopolitical implications», International Affairs, 88 (1): 63-79. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01057.x.

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 2012. «Security and strategic trends in the Middle East», en David Held y Kristian Coates Ulrichsen (eds.), The transformation of the Gulf. Politics, economics and the global order. Londres: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.

Gallarotti, Giulio y Isam Y. Al-Filali. 2012. «Saudi Arabia’s soft power», International Studies, 49: 233-261. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881714532707.

Gater-Smith, Philp. 2018. «Complex interdependence in the China-Saudi-US triangle. Assesing shifts in the issue area linkages between energy trade and security ties», en Anoushiravan Ehteshami y Niv Horesh (eds.), China’s presence in the Middle East. The implications of the one belt, one road initiative. Nueva York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315185736-7.

Gaub, Florence. 2016. «Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Alliance», EUISS Brief, 5-2-2016. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/UmaDhXG.

Gause, F. Gregory. 2003. «Balancing What? Threat Perception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf», Security Studies, 13 (2): 273-305. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410490521271.

Gause, F. Gregory. 2011. «Is Saudi Arabia really counter-revolutionary?», en The Saudi Counter-Revolution. Arab uprisings. POMEPS Briefings, 5. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/hmaDJvX.

Gengler, Justin. 2017. «The Political economy of Sectarianism: How Gulf Regimes exploit identity Politics as a Survival Strategy», en Frederic Wehrey (ed.). Beyond Sunni and Shia. The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/978019087

003.0009.

Halliday, Fred. 2005. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790829.

Hammond, Andrew. 2018. «Producing Salafism: From Invented Tradition to State Agitprop», en Madawi Al-Rasheed (ed.), Salman»s Legacy. The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hanieh, Adam. 2011. Captalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States. Palgrave McMillan. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119604.

Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 2003. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Jayamaha, Buddhika, Kevin S. Petit, Jahara Matisek, William Reno, Matthew A. Rose y Molly Jahn. 2019. «The Great Saudi-Iranian proxy game», Middle East Quarterly, 26 (4): 1-10.

Kamrava, Mehran. 2011. The Arab Spring and the Saudi-Led Counterrevolution. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2012.10.010.

Kamrava, Mehran. 2013. Mediation and Saudi Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/xmaFoDK.

Karim, Umer. 2017. «The Evolution of Saudi Foreign Policy and the Role of Decision-making Processes and Actors», The International Spectator, 52 (2): 71-88. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1308643.

Kausch, Kristina. 2017. «State and non-state alliances in the Middle East», The International Spectator, 52 (3): 36-47. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1347250.

Krieg, Andreas. 2016. «Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US foreign policy in the Middle East», International Affairs, 92 (1): 97-113. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12506.

Lynch, Mark. (ed.). 2017. «The Qatar Crisis», POMEPS Briefings, 31-10-2017. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/FmaFxhe.

Mabon, Simon. 2016. Saudi Arabia and Iran. Power and rivalry in the Middle East. Londres: I. B. Tauris.

Mabon, Simon. 2018. «It’s a family affair: Religion, geopolitics and the rise of Mohammed bin Salman», Insight Turkey, 20 (2): 51-66. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2018202.04.

Marshall, Alex. 2016. «From civil war to proxy war: past history and current dilemmas», Small Wars and Insurgencies, 27 (2): 183-195. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129172.

Matthiesen, Toby. 2012. «A “Saudi Spring”?: The Shi’a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011-2012», Middle East Journal, 66 (4): 628-659. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3751/66.4.14.

Matthiesen, Toby. 2013. Sectarian Gulf. Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring that wasn’t. Stanford Briefs. Stanford. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337732.

Matthiesen, Toby. 2014. The Other Saudis: Shiism, Dissent, and Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337732.

Médard, Jean Francois. 1990. «L’État patrimonialisé», Politique africaine, 39: 25-36.

Mouline, Nabil. 2010. «Power and Generational Transition in Saudi Arabia», Critique Internationale, 46. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3917/crii.046.0125.

Naheem, Mohammed Ahmad. 2017.«The dramatic rift and crisis between Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) of June 2017», International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 14 (4): 265-277. Disponible en: https://doi.org/

1057/s41310-017-0025-8.

Nonneman, Gerd. 2005. «Determinants and Patterns of Saudi Foreign Policy: “Omnibalancing” and “Relative Autonomy” in Multiple Environments», en Paul Aarts y Gerd Nonneman (eds.), Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affair. Londres: Hurst and Company.

Nuruzzaman, Mohammed. 2017. «Conflicts in Sunni Political Islam and Their Implications», Strategic Analysis, 41(3): 285-296. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2017.1295612.

Nuruzzaman, Mohammed. 2019. «Chasing the dream: the Salman Doctrine and Saudi Arabia’s bid for regional dominance», Insight Turkey, 21 (3): 41-51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1057/S41310-017-0025-8.

Ottaway, David. 2011. Saudi Arabia in the Shadow of the Arab revolt. Occasional Paper Series. Summer 2011. Middle East Program. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/8maGqe9.

Parsi, Trita. 2017. Losing an enemy. Obama, Iran, and the triumph of diplomacy. Londres: Yale University Press.

Saudi Arabian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011. «The Foreign Policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia». Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/xmaGyOv.

Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2001. «African Regionalism and EU-African Interregionalism», en M. Telò (ed.), European Union and New Regionalism. Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic Era. Farham: Ashgate.

Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2010. «With a Little Help from My Friends: How Regional Organizations in Africa Sustain Clientelism, Corruption and Discrimination». Paper, Political Science Association’s Annual Meeting, Gothenburg, 30 de septiembre-2 de octubre, 2010.

Soler i Lecha, Eduard. 2017. «Alianzas líquidas en Oriente Medio». Anuario International CIDOB, 2016: 148-155. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/qmaHy0q.

Steinberg, Guido. 2014. Leading the counter-revolution: Saudi Arabia and the Arab Spring. SWP Research Paper. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/FmaHlc7.

Ulrichsen, Khristian Coates. 2014. Qatar and the Arab Spring. Londres: Oxford University Press.

Wolff, Michael. 2018. Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House. Londres: Little Brown.

Yom, Sean L. y F. Gregory Gause. 2012. «Resilient royals: how Arab monarchies hang on», Journal of Democracy, 23 (4): 74-88. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2012.0062.