A building for the "fight against cancer" in Spain: the Príncipe de Asturias Institute of Madrid (1910-1939)

Resumen

The Cancer Institute, or “Instituto Príncipe de Asturias”, was the first center in Spain devoted to cancer treatment and research. This article analyzes the development of the institution from the laying of its first stone in Madrid’s Moncloa district in 1910 until its complete destruction during the Spanish Civil War. In what were likely the most turbulent years in the country’s history, a collective effort was required, involving not only physicians and scientists but also state institutions, the monarchy, and philanthropic organizations such as the Spanish League Against Cancer.
The need to establish a dedicated cancer hospital arose from growing professional and public interest, as well as the increase in cancer incidence. Additionally, long hospital stays and a lack of specialized centers in Spain made it very difficult to provide adequate care for these patients. The process was complex and marked by recurring economic challenges, affecting both the construction and operation of the Institute.
Its foundation took place in the context of national healthcare reforms spurred by campaigns against serious diseases—mirroring European models. Funding depended on state support, private donations, and public grants, but resources were never sufficient to meet the rising demand from patients.
During the period studied, figures such as José Goyanes and Pío del Río-Hortega led the Institute at various times and promoted histopathological and radiotherapy research. The outbreak of the Civil War had devastating consequences: the building was destroyed, and part of the staff, including del Río-Hortega, went into exile, representing a considerable loss for Spanish medical science.