Influence of the built environment on insecurity perception and walking preference from a gender perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2024.220.4Keywords:
Built environment, Insecurity perception, Walkability, Travel dissonances, GenderAbstract
This study focuses on gender differences in perceived insecurity in walking in an apparently safe and walkable urban environment, such as the city of Granada. It examines elements of the built environment and social factors that discourage walking. The data come from questionnaires to university students in 2020 and 2022. Quantitative methodology with Non-Linear Analysis of Principal Components, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Mann Whitney U Test was used. Results show the relevance of environmental and social factors in the perception of insecurity for both genders, although women perceive greater level of insecurity and adopt avoidance and confrontational tactics, including stopping walking in situations of perceived risk. Perceived insecurity, even in cities with low crime rates, is a factor that needs to be considered in urban policies.
Downloads
References
ABDULLA, K. M. A. & ABDELMONEM, M. G. & SELIM, G. (2017): Walkability in historic urban spaces: Testing the safety and security in Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 11(3), pp.163-177. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1378
ADKINS, A. & BARILLAS-LONGORIA, G. & NEVÁREZ MARTÍNEZ, D. & INGRAM, M. (2019): Differences in social and physical dimensions of perceived walkability in Mexican American and non-hispanic white walking environments in Tucson, Arizona. Journal of Transport and Health, 14, pp.100585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100585
ALONSO LÓPEZ, F. (2013): El itinerario peatonal accesible: Estructurando una movilidad funcional, segura y no discriminatoria en los espacios públicos urbanizados. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, 45(175), pp.27-43.
ARELLANA, J. & SALTARÍN, M. & LARRAÑAGA, A. M. & ALVAREZ, V. & HENAO, C. A. (2020): Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: A 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America. Transport Reviews, 40(2), pp.183-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1703842
ATKINS, S. & HUSAIN, M. S. & STOREY, A. (1991): The influence of street lighting on crime and fear of crime Home Office, Crime Prevention Unit.
AYUNTAMIENTO DE BARCELONA (2021): Encuesta de Victimización de Barcelona. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/prevencio/es/documents?combine=&tid=121
AYUNTAMIENTO DE GRANADA (2013): Plan de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible (PMUS). http://www.movilidadgranada.com/pmus_index.php#descarga
BAILLIE, G. & FILEBORN, B. & WADDS, P. (2022): Gendered responses to gendered harms: Sexual violence and bystander intervention at Australian music festivals. Violence Against Women, 28(3-4), pp.711-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211012096
BANISTER, D. (2008): The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy, 15(2), pp.73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005
BASU, N. & HAQUE, M. M. & KING, M. & KAMRUZZAMAN, M. & OVIEDO-TRESPALACIOS, O. (2021): The unequal gender effects of the suburban built environment on perceptions of security. Journal of Transport and Health, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101243
BIANCO, M. & LAWSON, C. (1997): Trip-Chaining, Childcare, and Personal Safety: Critical issues in women’s travel behavior Women’s Travel Issues Second National ConferenceDrachman Institute of the University of Arizona; Morgan State University; Federal Highway Administration. https://trid.trb.org/view/720098
BÖRJESSON, M. (2012): Valuing perceived insecurity associated with use of and access to public transport. Transport Policy, 22, pp.1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.04.004
BOYER, K. (2022): Sexual harassment and the right to everyday life. Progress in Human Geography, 46(2), pp.398-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211024340
BRAND, C. & GOODMAN, A. & OGILVIE, D. & BULL, F. &COOPER, A. & DAY, A. & MUTRIE, N. & POWELL, J. & PRESTON, J. & RUTTER, H. (2014): Evaluating the impacts of new walking and cycling infrastructure on carbon dioxide emissions from motorized travel: A controlled longitudinal study. Applied Energy, 128, pp.284-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.072
CALONGE-REILLO, F. (2022): More fear, less walking: Taking a walk in fortified housing environments in urban Mexico. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37(1), pp.443-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09846-9
CAPASSO DA SILVA, D., & RODRIGUES DA SILVA, A. N. (2020): Sustainable modes and violence: Perceived safety and exposure to crimes on trips to and from a Brazilian university campus. Journal of Transport & Health, 16, pp.100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100817
CARLSON, J. A. & FRANK, L. D. & ULMER, J. & CONWAY, T. L. & SAELENS, B. E. & CAIN, K. L. & SALLIS, J. F. (2018): Work and home neighborhood design and physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(8), pp.1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118768767
CECCATO, V. & LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. (2021): Fear of sexual harassment and its impact on safety perceptions in transit environments: A global perspective. Violence Against Women, 28(1), pp.26-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801221992874
CECCATO, V. & PAZ, Y. (2017): Crime in São Paulo’s metro system: Sexual crimes against women. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19(3-4), pp.211-226. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0027-2
CERVERO, R. & KOCKELMAN, K. (1997): Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), pp.199-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
CLÉMENT, M. & PIASER, L. (2021): Do inequalities predict fear of crime? Empirical evidence from Mexico. World Development, 140, pp.105354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105354
CLIFTON, K. & LIVI, A. (2005): Gender differences in walking behavior, attitudes about walking, and perceptions of the environment in three Maryland communities. Research on Women´s Issues in Transportation, 2: Technical Papers, 2, pp.79-88. https://doi.org/10.17226/23299
CRAIG, C. L. & BROWNSON, R. C. & CRAGG, S. E. & DUNN, A. L. (2002): Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity: A study examining walking to work. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2, Supplement 1), pp.36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00472-5
DADPOUR, S. & PAKZAD, J. & KHANKEH, H. (2016): Understanding the influence of environment on adults’ walking experiences: A meta-synthesis study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7), pp.731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070731
DAWES, J. G. (2002): Survey responses using scale categories follow a «double jeopardy» pattern. Proceedings of the ANZMAC Conference. Deakin University: Melbourne. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Dawes/publication/268424585_Survey_Responses_Using_Scale_Categories_Follow_a_Double_Jeopardy_Pattern/links/54c6bea10cf289f0cecc21e2/Survey-Responses-Using-Scale-Categories-Follow-a-Double-Jeopardy-Pattern.pdf
DE VOS, J. (2018): Do people travel with their preferred travel mode? Analysing the extent of travel mode dissonance and its effect on travel satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 117, pp.261-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.034
DÍAZ DE RADA IGÚZQUIZA, V. & DOMÍNGUEZ ÁLVAREZ, J. A. & PASADAS DEL AMO, S. (2019): Internet como modo de administración de encuestas (Vol. 59) Madrid: CIS.
ECHEVERRIA, S. E. (2004): Reliability of self-reported neighborhood characteristics. Journal of Urban Health, 81(4), pp.682-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jth151
EWING, R., & CERVERO, R. (2010): Travel and the built environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), pp.265-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766
EWING, R. & CLEMENTE, O. & NECKERMAN, K. M. & PURCIEL-HILL, M. & QUINN, J. W. & RUNDLE, A. (2013): Measuring urban design: Metrics for livable places (Vol. 200) Washington, DC: Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-209-9
FERRER, S. & RUIZ, T. (2018): The impact of the built environment on the decision to walk for short trips: Evidence from two Spanish cities. Transport Policy, 67, pp.111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.04.009
FERRER, S. & RUIZ, T. & MARS, L. (2015): A qualitative study on the role of the built environment for short walking trips. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 33, pp.141-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.07.014
FONSECA, F. & RIBEIRO, P. J. G. & CONTICELLI, E. & JABBARI, M. & PAPAGEORGIOU, G. &TONDELLI, S. & RAMOS, R. A. R. (2021): Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(7), pp.660-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1914793
FORSYTH, A. & SOUTHWORTH, M. (2008): Cities afoot—Pedestrians, walkability and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 13, pp.1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701816896
FOSTER, C. & HILLSDON, M. & THOROGOOD, M. (2004): Environmental perceptions and walking in English adults. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(11), pp.924-928. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.014068
FOSTER, S. & GILES-CORTI, B. & KNUIMAN, M. (2014): Does fear of crime discourage walkers? A social-ecological exploration of fear as a deterrent to walking. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), pp.698-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512465176
FRANK, L. D. & SCHMID, T. L. & SALLIS, J. F. & CHAPMAN, J. & SAELENS, B. E. (2005): Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2, Supplement 2), pp.117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
GARCÍA-CARPINTERO, M. Á. & DE DIEGO-CORDERO, R. & PAVÓN-BENÍTEZ, L. & TARRIÑO-CONCEJERO, L. (2022): ‘Fear of walking home alone’: Urban spaces of fear in youth nightlife. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 29(1), pp.39-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506820944424
GEHL, J. (2014): Ciudades para la gente (Vol. 1) Buenos Aires: Infinito.
GRINDLAY, A. L.& OCHOA-COVARRUBIAS, G. & LIZÁRRAGA, C. (2021): Sustainable mobility and urban space quality: The case of Granada, Spain. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 5(4), pp.309-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-309-326
GRINDLAY, A. L. & OCHOA-COVARRUBIAS, G. & LIZÁRRAGA, C. (2020): Urban mobility and quality of public spaces: The case of Granada, Spain. Urban Transport XXVI, 200, pp.37-48. https://doi.org/10.2495/ut200041
HABIBIAN, M., & HOSSEINZADEH, A. (2018): Walkability index across trip purposes. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, pp.216-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.005
HALE, C. (1996): Fear of Crime: A Review of the Literature. International Review of Victimology, 4(2), pp.79-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809600400201
HEWAWASAM, C. & ABEYSINGHE, U. & SAPARAMDU, S. (2020): Assessing factors affecting university students’ preference of walking; comparing university of Moratuwa & university of Sri Jayewardenepura. http://dl.lib.uom.lk/handle/123/16531
HIDAYATI, I. &TAN, W. & YAMU, C. (2020): How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 73, pp.155-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.06.014
HIRTENLEHNER, H., & FARRALL, S. (2014): Is the ‘shadow of sexual assault’responsible for women’s higher fear of burglary? The British Journal of Criminology, 54(6), pp.1167-1185. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu054
Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía, IECA (2020): Directorio de Establecimientos con Actividad Económica en Andalucía. Andalucía Pueblo a Pueblo—Fichas Municipales. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/sima/ficha.htm?mun=18087
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI (2021): National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE) 2021. https://en.www.inegi.org.mx/programas/envipe/2021/
JORE, S. H. (2019): The conceptual and scientific demarcation of security in contrast to safety. European Journal for Security Research, 4(1), pp.157-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-017-0021-9
KASH, G. (2019): Always on the defensive: The effects of transit sexual assault on travel behavior and experience in Colombia and Bolivia. Journal of Transport & Health, 13, pp.234-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.04.004
KERR, Z. & EVENSON, K. R. & MOORE, K. & BLOCK, R. & DIEZ ROUX, A. V. (2015): Changes in walking associated with perceived neighborhood safety and police-recorded crime: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Preventive Medicine, 73, pp.88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.017
KOSKELA, H. (1997): «Bold Walk and Breakings»: Women’s spatial confidence versus fear of violence. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 4(3), pp.301-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699725369
KOSKELA, H. (1999): ‘gendered exclusions’: Women’s fear of violence and changing relations to space. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 81(2), pp.111-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00052.x
KOSKELA, H. & PAIN, R. (2000): Revisiting fear and place: Women’s fear of attack and the built environment. Geoforum, 31(2), pp.269-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00033-0
LAMÍQUIZ, P. J. & PINEDO, J. C. & MORENO, M. B. (2022): Genealogía de la ciudad de 15 minutos: Aproximación a los conceptos. Cuadernos de Investigación Urbanística, 142, pp.29-39. https://doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2022.142.4885
LARRAÑAGA, A. M. & ARELLANA, J. & RIZZI, L. I. & STRAMBI, O., & CYBIS, H. B. B. (2019): Using best–worst scaling to identify barriers to walkability: A study of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Transportation, 46(6), pp.2347-2379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9944-x
LARRAÑAGA, A. M. & RIZZI, L. I. & ARELLANA, J. & STRAMBI, O. & CYBIS, H. B. B. (2016): The influence of built environment and travel attitudes on walking: A case study of Porto Alegre, Brazil. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(4), pp.332-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2014.933986
LEE, C. & MOUDON, A. V. (2006): The 3Ds+R: Quantifying land use and urban form correlates of walking. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 11(3), pp.204-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.02.003
LEÓN, C. M. & FIKRE BUTLER, L. & AIZPURUA, E. (2022): Correlates of fear of victimization among college students in Spain: Gender differences and similarities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), pp.NP147-NP175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520914560
LI, F. & FISHER, K. J. & BROWNSON, R. C. & BOSWORTH, M. (2005): Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(7), pp.558-564. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.028399
LIAO, B. & VAN DEN BERG, P. E. W. & VAN WESEMAEL, P. J. V. & ARENTZE, T. A. (2020): Empirical analysis of walkability using data from the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, pp.102390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102390
LIZÁRRAGA, C. & GRINDLAY, A. L. (2012): Hacia un modelo de movilidad urbana sostenible en Andalucía. ACTUALIDAD Centro de Estudios Andaluces, 65. pp. 1-33.
https://www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/publicaciones/descargar/651/documento/1307/Actualidad65.pdf
LIZÁRRAGA, C. & MARTÍN-BLANCO, C. & CASTILLO-PÉREZ, I. & CHICA-OLMO, J. (2022): Do university students’ security perceptions influence their walking preferences and their walking activity? A case study of Granada (Spain). Sustainability, 14(3), pp.1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031880
LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. (2006): Is it safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and security considerations and their effects on walking. Journal of Planning Literature, 20(3), pp.219-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412205282770
LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. & ECK, J. E. (2007): Crime prevention and active living. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 21(4 Suppl), pp.380-389 iii. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.380
LUCCHESI, S. & LARRAÑAGA, A. & OCHOA, J. & SAMIOS, A. & CYBIS, H. (2021): The role of security and walkability in subjective wellbeing: A multigroup analysis among different age cohorts. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 40, pp.100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100559
MACKETT, R. L. (2014): The health implications of inequalities in travel. Journal of Transport & Health, 1(3), pp.202-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.07.002
MALIK, B. Z. & REHMAN, Z.U. & KHAN, A. H. & AKRAM, W. (2020): Women’s mobility via bus rapid transit: Experiential patterns and challenges in Lahore. Journal of Transport & Health, 17, pp.100834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100834
MALIZIA, M. (2012): La seguridad en las urbanizaciones cerradas: Mito o realidad. El caso de Yerba Buena, Argentina. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, 44(172), pp.335-347.
MANN, H. B. & WHITNEY, D. R. (1947): On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), pp.50-60.
MARK, L. & HEINRICHS, D. (2019): More than time and money—Influences on mobility of low-income women in the Villa 20 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Journal of Transport & Health, 15, pp.100652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100652
MARTÍN-BLANCO, C. & CASTILLO-PÉREZ, I. & LIZÁRRAGA, C. (2022): Percepción de la inseguridad caminando y entorno urbano en clave de género. El camino hacia las sociedades inclusivas, pp.315-337. https://www.dykinson.com/libros/el-camino-hacia-las-sociedades-inclusivas/9788411223737/
MEHTA, A. & BONDI, L. (1999): Embodied discourse: On gender and fear of violence. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 6(1), pp.67-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699925150
MENDES DE LEON, C. F. & CAGNEY, K. A. & BIENIAS, J. L. & BARNES, L. L. & SKARUPSKI, K. A. & SCHERR, P. A. & EVANS, D. A. (2009): Neighborhood social cohesion and disorder in relation to walking in community-dwelling older adults: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(1), pp.155-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264308328650
MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR (2023): Balance Trimestral de Criminalidad. Cuarto Trimestre 2022. https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/export/sites/default/.galleries/galeria-de-prensa/documentos-y-multimedia/balances-e-informes/2022/Balance-de-Criminalidad-Cuarto-Trimestre-2022.pdf
MIRALLES-GUASCH, C. (2012): Las encuestas de movilidad y los referentes ambientales de los transportes. EURE (Santiago), 38(115), pp.33-45. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612012000300002
MIRALLES-GUASCH, C. & MARQUET SARDÀ, O. (2013): Dinámicas de proximidad en ciudades multifuncionales. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, 45(177), pp.501-510.
MOAYEDI, F. & ZAKARIA, R. & BIGAH, Y. & MUSTAFAR, M. & CHE PUAN, O. & ZIN, I. S. M. & KLUFALLAH, M. M. A. (2013): Conceptualising the indicators of walkability for sustainable transportation. Jurnal Teknologi (Science & Engineering), 65(3), pp.2180-3722. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v65.2151
MORENO, C. (2022): La Ciudad de los 15 Minutos, la revolución de las proximidades. En P. J. de la C. de B. Aires (Ed.), El espacio de lo público, Reflexiones en pospandemia (p. 19) JUSBAIRES Editor. https://hal.science/hal-04096996
OROZCO-FONTALVO, M. & SOTO, J. & ARÉVALO, A. & OVIEDO-TRESPALACIOS, O. (2019): Women’s perceived risk of sexual harassment in a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system: The case of Barranquilla, Colombia. Journal of Transport & Health, 14, pp.100598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100598
OTTONI, C. A. & SIMS-GOULD, J. & WINTERS, M. (2021): Safety perceptions of older adults on an urban greenway: Interplay of the social and built environment. Health & Place, 70, pp.102605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102605
ÖZASCILAR, M. (2013): Predicting fear of crime: A test of the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis. International Review of Victimology, 19(3), pp.269-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013492754
PAIN, R. (2001): Gender, race, age and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38(5-6), pp.899-913. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120046590
PAIN, R. & MACFARLANE, R. & TURNER, K. & GILL, S. (2006): ‘When, where, if, and but’: Qualifying GIS and the effect of streetlighting on crime and fear. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38(11), pp.2055-2074. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38391
PARK, Y. & GARCIA, M. (2020): Pedestrian safety perception and urban street settings. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(11), pp.860-871. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2019.1641577
PAYDAR, M. & KAMANI-FARD, A. & ETMINANI-GHASRODASHTI, R. (2017): Perceived security of women in relation to their path choice toward sustainable neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Cities, 60, pp.289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.002
PETERSON, R. A. & WILSON, W. R. (1992): Measuring customer satisfaction: Fact and artifact. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20(1), pp.61-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723476
PODSAKOFF, P. M. & MACKENZIE, S. B. & LEE, J.-Y. & PODSAKOFF, N. P. (2003): Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), pp.879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
POZUETA, J. & LAMÍQUIZ DAUDÉN, F. J. & PORTO SCHETTINO, M. (2009): La ciudad paseable: Recomendaciones para la consideración de los peatones en el planeamiento, el diseño urbano y la arquitectura Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas.
RODÓ-DE-ZÁRATE, M. & ESTIVILL, C. J. (2016): ¿La calle es mía? Poder, miedo y estrategias de empoderamiento de mujeres jóvenes en un espacio público hostil. Emakunde-Instituto Vasco de la Mujer.
RODÓ-DE-ZÁRATE, M. & ESTIVILL I CASTANY, J. & EIZAGIRRE, N. (2019): La configuración y las consecuencias del miedo en el espacio público desde la perspectiva de género / Configuration and consequences of fear in public space from a gender perspective. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 167, pp.89-106. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.167.89
RODRÍGUEZ, M. (2011): Espacio público, centralidades y experiencias de género: Desafíos actuales para “hacer ciudad” en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Espacio público y género en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Accesibilidad, sociabilidad, participación y seguridad.
RUDDICK, S. (1996): Constructing difference in public spaces: Race, class, and gender as interlocking systems. Urban Geography, 17(2), pp.132-151. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.17.2.132
RUEDA-PALENZUELA, S. (2022): La complejidad urbana y su relación con la morfología de los tejidos urbanos y la proximidad. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, 54(M), pp.227-250. https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2022.M22.10
RUIZ-APILÁNEZ, B. & SOLÍS, E. (2021): A pie o en bici: Perspectivas y experiencias en torno a la movilidad activa. A Pie o En Bici, pp.1-246.
RUIZ-PADILLO, A. & PASQUAL, F. & URIARTE, A. & CYBIS, H. (2018): Application of multi-criteria decision analysis methods for assessing walkability: A case study in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Transportation research Part D: transport and environment, 63, pp.855-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.07.016
SÄRNDAL, C.-E. & SWENSSON, B. & WRETMAN, J. (2003): Model assisted survey sampling Springer Science & Business Media.
SCHROEDER, H. W. & ANDERSON, L. M. (1984): Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. Journal of Leisure Research 16(2):178-194, 16(2). https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/14855
SHACH-PINSLY, D. & GANOR, T. (2021): A new approach for assessing secure and vulnerable areas in central urban neighborhoods based on social-groups’ analysis. Sustainability, 13(3), pp.1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031174
SHAER, A. & REZAEI, M. & MOGHANI RAHIMI, B. & SHAER, F. (2021): Examining the associations between perceived built environment and active travel, before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in Shiraz city, Iran. Cities, 115, pp.103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103255
SHASHANK, A., & SCHUURMAN, N. (2019): Unpacking walkability indices and their inherent assumptions. Health & Place, 55, pp.145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.12.005
STARK, J. & SINGLETON, P. A. & UHLMANN, T. (2019): Exploring children’s school travel, psychological well-being, and travel-related attitudes: Evidence from primary and secondary school children in Vienna, Austria. Travel behaviour and society, 16, pp.118-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2019.05.001
TALAVERA-GARCIA, R. & SORIA-LARA, J. A. (2015): Q-PLOS, developing an alternative walking index. A method based on urban design quality. Cities, 45, pp.7-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.003
TOBIN, M. & HAJNA, S. & ORYCHOCK, K. & ROSS, N. & DEVRIES, M. & VILLENEUVE, P. J. & FRANK, L. D. & MCCORMACK, G. R. & WASFI, R. & STEINMETZ-WOOD, M. & GILLILAND, J. & BOOTH, G. L. & WINTERS, M. & KESTENS, Y. & MANAUGH, K. & RAINHAM, D. & GAUVIN, L. & WIDENER, M. J. & MUHAJARINE, N. & FULLER, D. (2022): Rethinking walkability and developing a conceptual definition of active living environments to guide research and practice. BMC Public Health, 22(1), pp.450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12747-3
UN-HABITAT (2017): The New Urban Agenda. https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf
UN-HABITAT (2022): United Nations System-wide Guidelines on Safer Cities and Human Settlements (HS/069/19E). United Nations. https://unhabitat.org/united-nations-system-wide-guidelines-on-safercities-and-human-settlements
UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA (2020): La UGR representa el 6,12% del PIB granadino, y genera el 7,7% del empleo de la provincia. https://canal.ugr.es/noticia/ugr-representa-612-pib-granadino-y-genera-77-empleo-provincia/
UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA (2021): Campus de la UGR Universidad de Granada. https://www.ugr.es/universidad/campus
URTECHO-OSORTO, Ó.& LANDA-BLANCO, M. & VÁSQUEZ-GONZÁLEZ, G. M. & VÁSQUEZ-GONZÁLEZ, D. M. (2021): Libertad, seguridad y exclusión: La experiencia de los barrios cerrados en Honduras. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, 53(209). https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2021.209.10
UTENG, T. P. & CRESSWELL, T. (2008): Gendered Mobilities Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
VALENTINE, G. (1989): The geography of women’s fear. Area, 21(4), pp.385-390.
VALERA, S. & GUÀRDIA, J. (2014): Perceived insecurity and fear of crime in a city with low-crime rates. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, pp.195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.02.002
VAN DER BURGT, D. (2015): Spatial avoidance or spatial confidence? Young people’s agency in the active negotiation of risk and safety in public space. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), pp.181-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.828455
VAN SOOMEREN, P. (1996): Safe and Secure Cities The physical urban environment and reduction of urban insecurity: A general introduction. In Proceedings of the Conference on the Reduction of Urban Insecurity, Barcelona, Spain, pp.17-20.
VILLAVECES, A. & NIETO, L. A. & ORTEGA, D. & RÍOS, J. F. & MEDINA, J. J. & GUTIÉRREZ, M. I. & RODRÍGUEZ, D. (2012): Pedestrians’ perceptions of walkability and safety in relation to the built environment in Cali, Colombia, 2009–10. Injury prevention, 18(5), pp.291-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040223
WANG, H. & YANG, Y. (2019): Neighbourhood walkability: A review and bibliometric analysis. Cities, 93, pp.43-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.015
YANG, Y. & DIEZ ROUX, A. V. & AUCHINCLOSS, A. H. & RODRIGUEZ, D. A. & BROWN, D. G. (2012): Exploring walking differences by socioeconomic status using a spatial agent-based model. Health & Place, 18(1), pp.96-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.010
YATES, A. & CECCATO, V. (2020): Individual and spatial dimensions of women’s fear of crime: A Scandinavian study case. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 44(4), pp.277-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1719531
YEN, I. H. & FANDEL FLOOD, J. & THOMPSON, H. & ANDERSON, L. A. & WONG, G. (2014): How design of places promotes or inhibits mobility of older adults: Realist synthesis of 20 years of research. Journal of Aging and Health, 26(8), pp.1340-1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264314527610
ZHAO, L. & SHEN, Z. & ZHANG, Y. & SHENG, F. (2020): Study on the impact of the objective characteristics and subjective perception of the built environment on residents’ physical activities in Fuzhou, China. Sustainability, 12(1), pp.329. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010329
ZÚÑIGA, M. E. (2014): Las mujeres en los espacios públicos: Entre la violencia y la búsqueda de libertad. Región y sociedad, 26(ESPECIAL4), pp.78-100. https://doi.org/10.22198/rys.2014.0.a87
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Carmen Lizárraga
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Considering the provisions of the current legislation on Intellectual Property, and in accordance with them, all authors publishing in CyTET give -in a non-exclusive way and without time limit- to the Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda the rights to disseminate, reproduce, communicate and distribute in any current or future format, on paper or electronic, the original or derived version of their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 license International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), as well as to include or assign to third parties the inclusion of its content in national and international indexes, repositories and databases, with reference and recognition in any case of its authorship.
In addition, when sending the work, the author(s) declares that it is an original work in which the sources that have been used are recognized, committing to respect the scientific evidence, to no longer modify the original data and to verify or refute its hypothesis. Author(s) also declare that the essential content of the work has not been previously published nor will it be published in any other publication while it is under evaluation by CyTET; and that it has not been simultaneously sent to another journal.
Authors must sign a Transfer of Rights Form, which will be sent to them from the CyTET Secretariat once the article is accepted for publication.
With the aim of promoting the dissemination of knowledge, CyTET joins the Open Journal Access (OA) movement and delivers all of its content to various national and international indexes, repositories and databases under this protocol; therefore, the submission of a work to be published in the journal presupposes the explicit acceptance by the author of this distribution method.
Authors are encouraged to reproduce and host their work published in CyTET in institutional repositories, web pages, etc. with the intention of contributing to the improvement of the transfer of knowledge and the citation of said works.
Enlace a CyTET en Linkedin
Hashtag en Twitter: #RevistaCyTET