Cambios generacionales del gradiente socioeconómico de la formación de la primera unión en España
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2022.107Palabras clave:
gradiente socioeconómico, formación de la primera unión, riesgos competitivos, generaciones, EspañaResumen
Este artículo aborda la relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas y la formación de la primera unión en España mediante el análisis de la influencia del nivel educativo y de la historia laboral en la transición a la primera cohabitaciòn y al matrimonio directo, destacando las tendencias específicas de generación y género a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, la contribuciòn se avale de una perspectiva longitudinal de género en la se aplica el análisis de los acontecimientos en un marco de riesgos competitivos a los datos de la última Encuesta de Fertilidad (SS) disponible realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística en 2018. Los resultados muestran que, entre las mujeres, la influencia positiva del nivel educativo sobre la primera convivencia se ha invertido, mientras que el gradiente negativo del matrimonio se ha intensificado a través de las generaciones. Por su parte, el gradiente económico se ha mantenido estable a través de las generaciones en el matrimonio directo y sigue siendo fundamental para formar la primera cohabitación, pero resulta menos relevante entre las mujeres más jóvenes. Para los hombres, la influencia positiva del nivel educativo ha perdido su fuerza con cada generación sucesiva, mientras que el efecto de la historia laboral -tanto en la convivencia como en el matrimonio- ha disminuido con el pasar del tiempo.
Citas
Addo, F. R. (2014). Debt, cohabitation, and marriage in young adulthood. Demography, 51(5), 1677-1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0333-6
Amato, P. R., and DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The Transmission of Marital Instability across Generations: Relationship Skills or Commitment to Marriage? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1038-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01038.x
Alberdi, I. (1999). La nueva familia española. Madrid: Taurus.
Axinn, W. G., and Thornton, A. (1996). The Influence of Parents’ Marital Dissolutions on Children’s Attitudes Toward Family Formation. Demography, 33(1), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061714
Baizán, P. (2001) Transition to Adulthood in Spain. In M. Corijn, and E. Klijzing (Eds.), Transitions to Adulthood in Europe. European Studies of Population (Vol 10). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9717-3_12
Baizán, P., Aassve, A., and Billari, F. C. (2003). Cohabitation, marriage, and first birth: The interrelationship of family formation events in Spain. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 19(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023343001627
Bakoyannis, G., and Touloumi, G. (2012). Practical methods for competing risks data: a review. Statistical methods in medical research, 21(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280210394479
Barbieri, P., Bozzon, R., Scherer, S., Grotti, R., and Lugo, M. (2015). The rise of a Latin model? Family and fertility consequences of employment instability in Italy and Spain. European societies, 17(4), 423-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2015.1064147
Becker, G. S. (1981). A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA, London: Harvard University Press.
Blossfeld, H. P., Hofäcker, D., and Bertolini, S. (2011). Youth on Globalised Labour Market: Rising Uncertainly and its effects on Early Employment and Family Lives in Europe. Budrich: Opladen.
Bernardi, F. (2001). Is it a timing or a probability effect? Four simulations and an application of transition rate models to the analysis of unemployment exit. Quality and Quantity, 35, 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010377327277
Bracher, M., and Santow, G. (1998). Economic Independence and Union Formation in Sweden. Population Studies, 52(3), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000150466
Brodmann, S., Esping-Andersen, G., and Guell, M. (2007). When Fertility is Bargained: Second Births in Denmark and Spain. European Sociological Review, 23(5), 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm025
Bukodi, E. (2012). The relationship between work history and partnership formation in cohorts of British men born in 1958 and 1970. Population Studies, 66(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.656853
Carlson, M., McLanahan, S., and England, P. (2004). Union formation in fragile families. Demography, 41(2), 237-261. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0012
Castro Martín, T., y Domínguez-Folgueras, M. (2008). Matrimonios “sin papeles”: Perfil sociodemográfico de las parejas de hecho en España según el Censo de 2001. Política y Sociedad, 45(2), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.5209/POSO.23175
Castro-Martín, T., Domínguez-Folgueras, M., Martín-García, T. (2008). Not truly partnerless: Non-residential partnerships and retreat from marriage in Spain. Demographic Research, 18, 443-468. https://doi.org/:10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.16
Cherlin, A. J. (2020). Degrees of change: An assessment of the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12605
Clarkberg, M. (1999). The price of partnering: The role of economic well-being in young adults' first union experiences. Social Forces, 77(3), 945-968. https://doi.org/10.2307/3005967
Clemente, C., and García-Pereiro, T. G. (2020). Introduzione alla sociologia dei corsi di vita. Milano: F. Angeli.
Cooke, L. P. (2006). Doing’ gender in context: household bargaining and risk of divorce in Germany and the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 112(2), 442-472. https://doi.org/10.1086/506417
Coppola, L. (2004). Education and union formation as simultaneous in Italy and Spain. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 20(3), 219-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-004-1781-2
Cortina, C., García, X. B., and Martín, T. C. (2010). ¿Modelos familiares de aquí o de allá? Pautas de cohabitación entre las mujeres latinoamericanas en España. América Latina Hoy, 55, 61-84.
Coviello, V., and Boggess, M. (2004). Cumulative Incidence Estimation in the Presence of Competing Risks. The Stata Journal, 4(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0400400201
Domínguez-Folgueras, M. (2011). 1995-2006. Diez años de cambios en las parejas españolas. Madrid: CIS.
Domínguez-Folgueras, M., y Castro-Martín, T. (2008). Women’s changing socioeconomic position and union formation in Spain and Portugal. Demographic Research, 19, 1513-1550. https://doi.10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.41
Domínguez-Folgueras, M., y Castro-Martín, T. (2013). Cohabitation in Spain: No longer a marginal path to family formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 422-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12013
Esping-Andersen, G. (2009). Incomplete Revolution: Adapting Welfare State to Women’s New Roles. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Esping-Andersen, G., and Billari, F. C. (2015). Re-theorizing family demographics. Population and development review, 41(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00024.x
Esping-Andersen, G. (2016). Families in the 21st century. Stockholm: SNS.
Fine, J. P., and Gray, R. J. (1999). A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. Journal of the American statistical association, 94(446), 496-509. https://doi.org/10.2307/2670170
García-Pereiro, T. (2011). Consensual Unions in Spain: A Reality on the Rise. Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, 65(3/4).
García-Pereiro, T. (2019). The role of Trendsetters in the Diffusion Process of First Cohabitations in Spain. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (166), 65-84. https://doi:10.5477/cis/reis.166.65
García-Pereiro, T., Pace, R., and Didonna, M. G. (2014). Entering first union: the choice between cohabitation and marriage among women in Italy and Spain. Journal of Population Research, 31(1), 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-014-9123-7
García-Pereiro, T., Pace, R., and Carella, M. (2015). The Evolution of the First Cohabitation of Women in Spain: Change or Stability? Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (151), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.151.45
Goldstein, J. R., and Kenney, C. T. (2001). Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for US women. American Sociological Review, 66(4), 506-519. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088920
Gutiérrez-Domènech, M. (2008). The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain. Journal of Population Economics, 21(1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0041-z
Harknett, K., and Kuperberg, A. (2011). Education, Labor Markets, and the Retreat from Marriage. Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation, 90(1), 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/90.1.41
ISSP Research Group (2013). International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations III–ISSP 2005. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4350 Data file Version 2.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.11648
Jalovaara, M. (2012). Socio-economic resources and first-union formation in Finland, cohorts born 1969-1981. Population studies, 66(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2011.641720
Jalovaara, M., and Fasang, A. E. (2015). Are there gender differences in family trajectories by education in Finland?. Demographic research, 33, 1241-1256. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.44
Jurado Guerrero, T., and Naldini, M. (1997). Is the South so different?: Italian and Spanish Families in Comparative Perspective. In M. Rhodes (Ed.), Southern European Welfare States: Between Crisis and Reform (pp. 42-66). London, Portland OR: Frank Cass.
Bnm,Kalmijn, M. (2011). The influence of men’s income and employment on marriage and cohabitation: Testing Oppenheimer’s theory in Europe. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 27(3), 269-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-011-9238-x
Kalmijn, M., and Luijkx, R. (2005). Has the reciprocal relationship between employment and marriage changed for men? An analysis of the life histories of men born in the Netherlands between 1930 and 1970. Population Studies: A Journal of Demography, 59(2), 211-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720500099587
Kalmijn, M. (2013). The educational gradient in marriage: A comparison of 25 European countries. Demography, 50(4), 1499-1520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0229-x
Kiernan, K. (2000). European perspectives on union formation. In L. J. Waite (Ed.), The ties that bind: Perspectives on marriage and cohabitation (pp. 40-58). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter
iernan, K. (2004). Changing European families: Trends and issues. In J. Scott, J. Treas, and M. Richards (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Families (pp. 17-33). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton VIC: Blackwell Publishing.
Kim, K. (2017). The changing role of employment status in marriage formation among young Korean adults. Demographic Research, 36, 145-172. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.5
Koytcheva, E., and Philipov, D. (2008). Bulgaria: Ethnic differentials in rapidly declining fertility. Demographic Research, 19, 361-402. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.13
Kreps, D. M. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives. American Economic Review, 87(2), 359-364. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2950946
Laslett, P. (1977). Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations: Essays in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lesthaeghe, R., and Surkyn, J. (2002). New forms of household formation in Central and Eastern Europe: Are they related to newly emerging value orientations?. UN.
Liefbroer, A. C., Gerritsen, L., and De Jong Gierveld, J. (1994). The influence of intentions and life course factors on union formation behavior of young adults. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(1), 193-203.
Martínez-Pastor J. I., y Bernardi F. (2011). The Flexibilization of the Spanish Labour Market: Meaning and Consequences for Inequality from a Life-Course Perspective. In H. P. Blossfeld, S. Buchholz, D. Hofäcker, K. Kolb (Eds.), Globalized Labour Markets and Social Inequality in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230319882_4
McClendon, D., Kuo, J. C., and Raley, R. K. (2014). Opportunities to meet: Occupational education and marriage formation in young adulthood. Demography, 51(4), 1319-1344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0313-x
Miret, P., y Cabré, A. (2005). Pautas recientes en la formación familiar en España: Constitución de la pareja y fecundidad. Papeles de Economía Española, 104, 17-36.
Miret, P. (2007). Pautas longitudinales de emancipación juvenil en España (cohortes de nacimiento 1924-1968). In A. Cabré (Dir.), La constitución familiar en España (pp. 41-92). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA.
Moreno, A. (2012). The transition to adulthood in Spain in a comparative perspective: The incidence of structural factors. Young, 20(1), 19-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330881102000102
Muñoz-Perez, F., and Recaño-Valverde, J. (2011). A century of nuptiality in Spain, 1900–2007. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 27(4), 487-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-011-9234-1
Myrskylä, M., Billari, F., and Kohler, H. P. (2011). High development and fertility: fertility at older reproductive ages and gender equality explain the positive link. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
Ní Bhrolcháin, M., and Beaujouan, É. (2013). Education and cohabitation in Britain: A return to traditional patterns?. Population and Development Review, 39(3), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00611.x
Oppenheimer, V. K. (1988). A theory of marriage timing. American journal of sociology, 94(3), 563-591. https://doi.org/10.1086/229030
Oppenheimer, V. K. (1997). Women's employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual review of sociology, 23(1), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.431
Oppenheimer, V. K. (2003). Cohabiting and marriage during young men’s career-development process. Demography, 40(1), 127-149. https://doi.org/10.2307/3180815
Oppenheimer, V. K., Kalmijn, M., and Lim, N. (1997). Men’s career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality. Demography, 34(3), 311-330. https://doi.org/10.2307/3038286
Perelli-Harris, B., Sigle-Rushton, W., Kreyenfeld, M., Lappegård, T., Keizer, R., and Berghammer, C. (2010). The educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation in Europe. Population and development review, 36(4), 775-801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00357.x
Pintilie, M. (2007). Analysing and interpreting competing risk data. Statistics in medicine, 26(6), 1360-1367. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2655
Reher, D., and Requena, M. (2019). Childlessness in twentieth-century Spain: A cohort analysis for women born 1920–1969. European Journal of Population, 35(1), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9471-7
Saraceno, C. (1997). Family change, family policies and the restructuring of welfare. In OECD (Ed.), Family, Market and Community. Equity and Efficiency in Social Policy. Paris: OECD.
Saraceno, C. (2017). L’equivoco della famiglia. Laterza: Roma.
Sassler, S., and Goldscheider, F. (2004). Revisiting Jane Austen’s theory of marriage timing: Changes in union formation among American men in the late 20th century. Journal of Family Issues, 25(2), 139-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03257708
Sassler, S., and Lichter, D. T. (2020). Cohabitation and marriage: Complexity and diversity in union‐formation patterns. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 35-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12617
Schneider, D., and Reich, A. (2014). Marrying ain’t hard when you got a union card? Labor union membership and first marriage. Social Problems, 61(4), 625-643. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2014.12316
Schneider, D., Harknett, K., and Stimpson, M. (2019). Job quality and the educational gradient in entry into marriage and cohabitation. Demography, 56(2), 451-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0749-5
Settersten Jr., R. A., and Hagestad, G. O. (1996). What’s the latest? Cultural age deadlines for family transitions. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/36.5.602
Sevilla-Sanz, A. (2010). Household division of labor and cross-country differences in household formation rates. Journal of Population Economics, 23(1), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0254-7
Shafer, K., and James, S. L. (2013). Gender and socioeconomic status differences in first and second marriage formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(3), 544-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12024
Sigle-Rushton, W. (2010). Men’s unpaid work and divorce: Reassessing specialization and trade in British families. Feminist Economics, 16(2), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700903448801
Sweeney, M. M. (2002). Two decades of family change: The shifting economic foundations of marriage. American Sociological Review, 132-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088937
Thomson, E., and Bernhardt, E. (2010). Education, values, and cohabitation in Sweden. Marriage and Family Review, 46(1-2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494921003648431
Tobio, C. (2001). Marriage, cohabitation and youth residential independence in Spain. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 13(2), 104-123. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-323040
Toulemon, L. (1997). Cohabitation is here to stay. Population: An English Selection, 9, 11-46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2953824
Vergauwen, J., Neels, K., and Wood, J. (2017). Educational differentials in cohabitors' marriage intentions at different childbearing stages in seven European countries. Social science research, 65, 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.03.006
Vignoli, D., Tocchioni, V., and Salvini, S. (2016). Uncertain lives: Insights into the role of job precariousness in union formation in Italy. Demographic Research, 35, 253-282. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.10
Winkler-Dworak, M., and Toulemon, L. (2007). Gender differences in the transition to adulthood in France: Is there convergence over the recent period?. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 23(3), 273-314. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27694366
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Thais Garcia-Pereiro, Carmine Clemente
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Todas las publicaciones de la Revista Española de Sociología se realizarán bajo una licencia abierta Creative Commons de Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0). Dicha licencia establece que los autores son los poseedores de los derechos de propiedad intelectual de sus trabajos, que pueden redistribuirse a cambio de un reconocimiento adecuado. Para más información de la licencia Creative Commons, consultar aquí.
Una vez aceptado un artículo para su publicación, la Revista Española de Sociología solicitará al denominado "autor para la correspondencia" la aceptación de una licencia obligatoria Creative Commons incluida en un acuerdo o contrato de publicación.
