La (in)movilidad de las masculinidades: discursos sobre la contratación de hombres en servicios de cuidado de larga duración
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2022.88Palabras clave:
masculinidades, practicas de género, contratación, empleo, sector de cuidados de larga duraciónResumen
La presencia de hombres como demandantes de empleo en las ocupaciones de cuidados de larga duración plantea nuevos desafíos para las organizaciones que operan en el sector. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa analizamos los discursos y las prácticas de los gestores que prestan servicios de cuidados sobre la contratación de hombres, para profundizar en cómo se movilizan las masculinidades y comprobar si una mayor presencia de hombres conlleva una alteración de los requisitos de contratación en términos de género. Introducimos el concepto de (in) movilización de masculinidades para ilustrar cómo, aunque las prácticas de contratación de las organizaciones de servicios de atención movilizan concepciones idealizadas y alternativas de masculinidad, la contratación de hombres no es su prioridad. Estas prácticas ayudan a reproducir las desigualdades de género en el sector de los cuidados de larga duración.
Citas
Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes. Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499
Anderson, E. (2009). Inclusive Masculinity. New York: Routledge.
Asociación Estatal de Directores y Gerentes de Servicios Sociales. (2018). XVIII dictamen del Observatorio de la Ley 39/2006 de promoción de la autonomía personal y atención a las personas en situación de dependencia. Asociación EsDirectores Sociales. http://www.directoressociales.com/
Bagilhole, B., & Cross, S. (2006). ‘It Never Struck Me as Female’: Investigating Men’s Entry into Female-dominated Occupations. Journal of Gender Studies, 15(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230500486900
Baines, D., Charlesworth, S., & Cunningham, I. (2015). “Changing care? Men and managerialism in the nonprofit sector”. Journal of Social Work, 15(5), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017314548149
Baker, P. (2009). Improving the recruitment of men into the care sector in the West. Birmingham: Vector Research.
Barber, K., y Bridges, T. (2017). Virilidad de marketing en la era 'post-feminista'. Contextos, 16(2), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504217714257
Benschop, Y., & Verloo, M. (2011). Gender Change, Organizational Change and Gender Equality Strategies. In E. Jeanes, D. Knights & P. Yancey-Martin (Eds.), Handbook of Gender, Work & Organization (pp. 277-290). Oxford: Wiley.
Bettio, F., & Vershchagina, A. (Eds.) (2008). Frontiers in the Economics of Gender. London: Routledge.
Bodoque, Y., y Roca, M. (2019). ¿Se buscan cuidadores? Estrategias de contratación de hombres en trabajos remunerados de cuidados a personas adultas. Política y Sociedad, 56(1), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.5209/poso.58809
Bodoque, Y., Comas d’Argemir, D., & Roca, M (2020). ‘What I really want is a job’. Male workers in the social care sector in Spain. Masculinities & Social Change, 9(2), 206-233. https://doi.org/10.17583/MCS.2019.4827
Bodoque, Y., Roca, M., y Comas d’Argemir, D. (2016). “Hombres en trabajos de cuidado: género, identidad profesional y cultura del trabajo”. Revista Andaluza de Antropología, 11, 67-91. https://doi.org/10.12795/RAA.2016.11.04
Borràs, V., Moreno, S., Castello, L., & Grau, A. (2012). Male Hegemony in Decline? Reflections on the Spanish Case. Men and Masculinities, 15(4), 406-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X12455399
Bradley, H. (1993). Across the Great Divide: The Entry of men into Women’s Jobs. In C. L. Williams (Ed.), Doing Women’s Work: Men in Non-Traditional Occupations (pp.10-27). California: Sage.
Bridges, T. (2014). A very ‘gay’ straight?: Hybrid masculinities, sexual aesthetics, and the changing relationship between masculinity and homophobia. Gender & Society, 28(1), 58-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213503901
Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C.J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: new directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12134
Brown, B., Nolan, P., & Crawford, P. (2000). Men in nursing: Ambivalence in care, gender and masculinity. International History of Nursing Journal, 5(3), 4-13.
Carrigan, T., Connell, B., & Lee, J. (1985). Toward a new sociology of masculinity. Theory and Society, 14(5), 551-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00160017
Collinson, D., & Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work & Organization, 1(1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.1994.tb00002.x
Collinson, D., & Hearn, J. (2011). Men and masculinities at the workplace. A critical Review. Workshop on Study on the Role of Men in Gender Equality. EU.
Connell, R. W. (2001). Masculinity politics on a world scale. In S. Whitehead & F. Barrett (eds.), The Masculinities Reader (pp. 369-374). Cambridge: Polity.
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the
concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859.
Connell, R.W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity.
Connell, R.W., Kimmel, M., & Hearn, J. (1996). Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. California: Sage.
Cottingham, M. D. (2014). Recruiting men, constructing manhood: How health care organizations mobilize masculinities as nursing recruitment strategy. Gender & Society, 28(1), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213509005
Cottingham, M. D. (2019). The missing and needed male nurse: Discursive hybridization in professional nursing texts. Gender, Work & Organization, 26, 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12333
Cross, S., & Bagilhole, B. (2002). Girl’s job for a boy? Man, masculinity and non-traditional occupations. Gender, Work & Organization, 9(2), 204-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00156
Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique. Theory and Society, 30, 337-361. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017596718715
Dill, J. S., Price-Glynn, K., & Rakovski, C. (2016). Does the ‘glass escalator’ compensate for the devaluation of care work occupations? The careers of men in lowand-middle-skill health care jobs. Gender & Society, 30, 334-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215624656
Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities. Theorizing an emerging concept. Men and Masculinities, 19, 240-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203
Enguix, B. (2012). Cultivando cuerpos, modelando masculinidades. Disparidades. Revista de Antropología, 67(1), 147-180. https://doi.org/10.3989/rdtp.2012.06
Evans, J. (1997). Men in nursing: Issues of gender segregation and hidden advantage. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 226-231. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997026226.x
Evans, J., & Frank, B. (2003). Contradictions and Tensions: Exploring Relations of Masculinities in the Numerically Female-Dominated Nursing Profession. Journal of Men’s studies, 11(3), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1103.277
Fagan, C. (2010). Analysis Note: Men and Gender Equality -Tackling gender segregated family roles and social care Jobs. European Network of Experts on Employment and Gender Equality issues – Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini. European Commission.
Fagan, C., & Norman, H. (2013). Men and gender equality. Tackling gender segregated family roles and social care jobs. In F. Bettio, J. Plantenga & M. Smith. (Eds.), Gender and the European Labour Market. New York: Routledge.
Gärtner, M., Hearn, J., & Hrženjak, M. (2011). Study on the role of men I gender equality. Background and discussion papers for workshop 2: How Can Men Do Gender Equal Work?. Berlin: European Commission.
Geerts, J. (2011). The long-term care workforce: description and perspectives. European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes. ENEPRI Research Report No. 93, August 2011. Retrieved from http://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/long-term-careworkforce-description-and-perspectives/
Himmelweit, S. (2017). Changing norms of social reproduction in an age of austerity. Journal of Gender Studies, 20, 5-20. http://iippe.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/suegender.pdf
Holvino, E. (2018). Intersections: The simultaneity of race, gender and class in Organization studies. Gender, Work & Organization, 13(3), 248-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x
Hussein, S. (2011). Men in the English care sector. Social Care Workforce Periodical Research Unit, Issue, 14. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231513865_Men_in_the_English_care_sector
Hussein, S., Manthorpe, J., & Ismail, M. (2016). Male workers in female-dominated longterm care sector: evidence from England. Journal of Gender Studies, 25(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.887001
Isaacs, D., & Poole, M. (1996). Being a man and becoming a nurse: Three men’s stories. Journal of Gender Studies, 5(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.1996.9960628
Kanter, R. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Kerfoot, D., & Knights, D. (1998). Managing Masculinity in Contemporary organizational Life: A Managerial Project. Organization, 5(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050849851002
Lupton, B. (2000). Maintaining masculinity: Men who do ‘women’s work. British Journal of Management, 11(s1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.11.s1.4
Martin, P. Y. (2001). ‘Mobilizing masculinities’: Women's experiences of men at work. Organization, 8(4), 587-618. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840184003
Martin, P. Y. (2006). Practising gender at work: Further thoughts on reflexivity. Gender, Work & Organization, 13(3), 254–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00307.x
Martin, P. Y., & Collinson, D. (2002). ‘Over the Pond and Across the Water’: Developing the Field of ‘Gendered Organizations’. Gender, Work & Organization, 9(3), 244-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00159
McDowell, J. (2015). Masculinity and non-traditional occupations: Men’s talk in women’s work. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(3), 273-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12078
McLean, J. (2003). Men as minority: Men employed in statutory social care work. Journal of Social Work, 3(1), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017303003001004
Miguélez, F., & Recio, A. (2010). The Uncertain Path from the Mediterranean Welfare Model in Spain. In D. Anxo, G. Bosch, and J. Rubery (Eds.), The Welfare State and Life Transitions: A European Perspective (pp. 284-308). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Mills, A. J. (1988). Organization, Gender and Culture. Organization Studies, 9(3), 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068800900304
Parella, S. (2004). Reclutamiento de trabajadoras inmigrantes en las empresas de servicios de proximidad en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 108(4), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.2307/40184658
Roca, M. (2019). Desigualtats de gènere en el sector ocupacional de les cures. In S. Carrillo (Ed.). Abordant la crisi de les cures: polítiques, treballs i experiències locals. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
Roca, M. (2018). Desigualdades de género y trabajo de cuidados en el Servicio de Ayuda a Domicilio: políticas, discursos y prácticas. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 20, 59-80. https://doi.org/10.17345/rio20.%25p
Rodriguez Cabrero, G. (2011). Políticas sociales de atención a la dependencia en los Regímenes de Bienestar de la Unión Europea. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 29(1), 13-42. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_CRLA.2011.v29.n1.1
Rubery, J., & Fagan, N. (1993). Occupational Segregation of Women and Men in the European Community. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Rubery, J., & Fagan, N. (1995). Gendered relations in societal context. Work, Employment and Society, 9(2), 213-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001709592001
Salzinger, L. (2003). Marketing Masculinities: Gender and Management Politics in Marketing Work. Contemporary Sociology, 32(2), 177-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/3089578
Sasson-Levy, O. (2007). Contradictory consequences of mandatory conscription: The case of women secretaries in the Israeli military. Gender & Society, 21, 481-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243207303538
Scambor, E., Bergmann, N., Wojnicka, K., Belghiti-Mahut, S., Hearn, J., Gullvåg Holter, Ø; Gärtner, M., Hrženjak, M., Scambor, C., & White, A. (2014). Men and Gender Equality: European Insights. Men and Masculinities, 17(5), 552-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X14558239
Simpson, R. (2004). Masculinity at work: The experiences of men in female dominated occupations. Work, Employment and Society, 18(2), 349-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773
Storm, P., Braedley, S., & Chivers, S. (2017). Gender Regimes in Ontario Nursing Homes: Organization, Daily Work, and Bodies. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 36(2), 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980817000071
Torns, T., Borràs, V., y Carrasquer, P. (2004). La conciliación entre la vida laboral y familiar: ¿un horizonte posible?. Sociología del Trabajo, (50), 111-138.
Twigg, J. (2000). Bathing – the body and community care. London: Routledge.
Van Dijk, T. (2002). El análisis crítico del discurso y el pensamiento social. Athenea digital, 1(1), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n1.22
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
Whittock, M., & Leonard, L. (2003). Stepping outside the stereotype. A pilot study of the motivations and experiences of males in the nursing profession. Journal of Nursing Management, 11(4), 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2834.2003.00379.x
Williams, C. L., & Villemez, W.J. (1993). Seekers and finders: male entry and exit in female dominated jobs. In C. L. Williams (Ed.), Doing women’s work: Men in non-traditional occupations (pp.64-90). London: Sage.
Williams, C. L., Muller, C., & Kilanski, K. (2012). Gendered organizations in the new economy. Gender & Society, 26(4), 549-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243212445466
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Mireia Roca Escoda, Yolanda Bodoque Puerta
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Todas las publicaciones de la Revista Española de Sociología se realizarán bajo una licencia abierta Creative Commons de Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0). Dicha licencia establece que los autores son los poseedores de los derechos de propiedad intelectual de sus trabajos, que pueden redistribuirse a cambio de un reconocimiento adecuado. Para más información de la licencia Creative Commons, consultar aquí.
Una vez aceptado un artículo para su publicación, la Revista Española de Sociología solicitará al denominado "autor para la correspondencia" la aceptación de una licencia obligatoria Creative Commons incluida en un acuerdo o contrato de publicación.
