The Swiss leave scheme at crossroads. Gender equality implications of parental and paternity leave proposals

Isabel Valarino

doi:10.22325/fes/res.2018.35

Autores/as

Isabel Valarino Institute of Social sciences. University of Lausanne.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2018.35

Palabras clave:

Permiso parental, permiso de paternidad, igualdad de género, políticas familiares, Suiza

Resumen

Suiza se caracteriza por disponer de un sistema de permisos parentales limitado y sesgado en términos de género. Este trabajo pretende dar respuesta a la pregunta sobre cuál ha sido la evolución, desde el punto de vista de la igualdad de género, de las propuestas de regulación del permiso de paternidad y parental presentadas al Parlamento suizo entre 1995 y 2014. A través de un análisis de contenido y de una puntuación estandarizada se han analizado las propuestas formuladas por los parlamentarios. Los resultados evidencian que sólo una pequeña minoría de propuestas plantean introducir incentivos para que los padres utilicen los permisos y contribuir así a reducir la desigualdad de género. El artículo termina discutiendo los desafíos a los que se enfrenta el desarrollo de una política de permisos parentales formulada desde una perspectiva de género en Suiza.

Citas

Addati, L., Cassirer, N., & Gilchrist, K. (2014). Maternity and paternity at work : law and practice across the world. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Aebi, A., Dessoulavy, D., & Scenini, R. (1994). La politique familiale et son arlésienne: l’assurance maternité : celle dont on parle et que l’on ne voit jamais… Genève: Institut d’études sociales.

Almqvist, A.-L., & Duvander, A.-Z. (2014). Changes in gender equality? Swedish fathers’ parental leave, division of childcare and housework1. Journal of Family Studies, 20 (1), 19-27. doi:10.5172/jfs.2014.20.1.19

Armingeon, K. (2001). Institutionalising the Swiss welfare state. West European Politics, 24 (2), 145-168.

Bacchi, C. L. (1999). Women, Policy and Politics. The construction of policy problems. London: Sage.

Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Brighouse, H., & Wright, E. O. (2008). Strong Gen- der Egalitarianism. Politics & Society, 36 (3), 360-372. doi:10.1177/0032329208320566

Bruning, G., & Plantenga, J. (1999). Parental leave and equal opportunities : experiences in eight European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 9, 195-209. doi:10.1177/095892879900900301

Bühler, E. (2001). Zum Verhältnis von kulturellen werten und gesellschaftlichen Strukturen in der Schweiz : das Beispiel regionaler Gemein- samkeiten und Differenzen der Geschlechterungleichheit. Geographica Helvetica, 56 (2), 89.

Bünning, M. (2015). What Happens after the ‘Daddy Months’? Fathers’ Involvement in Paid Work, Childcare, and Housework after Taking Parental Leave in Germany. European Sociological Review.

Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2010). Parenthood, Gender and Work-Family Time in the United States, Australia, Italy, France, and Denmark. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72 (5), 1344-1361. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00769.x

Dafflon, B. (2003). La politique familiale en Suisse : enjeux et défis. Lausanne: Réalités sociales.

Duvander, A.-Z., & Jans, A.-C. (2008). Conse- quences of Fathers’ Parental Leave Use : Evidence from Sweden Working Paper Stockholm University Linnaeus Center on Social Policy and Family Dynamics in Europe, SPaDE, 2008:6. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.su.se/ content/1/c6/05/37/88/WP6.pdf

Duvander, A.-Z., Lappegard, T., & Andersson, G. (2010). Family policy and fertility: fathers’ and mothers’ use of parental leave and continued childbearing in Norway and Sweden. Journal of European Social Policy, 20 (1), 45-57.

FCWI. (2001). Femmes Pouvoir Histoire. Histoire de l’égalité en Suisse de 1848 à 2000. Berne: Swiss Confederation.

FCWI. (2011). Femmes Pouvoir Histoire. Dès 2001.

Berne: Swiss Confederation.

Federal Chancellery. (2012). The Swiss Confederation.

A brief guide 2012. Bern: Swiss Confederation.

FSIO. (2013). Congé de paternité et congé parental. Etat des lieux et présentation de divers modèles. Bern: Federal Department of Home Affairs.

FSO. (2013). On the way to gender equality. Cur- rent situation and developments. Neuchâtel: Federal Statistical Office.

FSO. (2017). Les familles en Suisse. Rapport statis- tique 2017. Retrieved from Neuchâtel:

Fuchs, G. (2008). Prestations en cas de maternité et initiatives parlementaires sur les congés et prestations offerts aux parents (notamment congé paternité, congé parental et congé d’adoption): rapport sur la situation actuelle dans l’administration fédérale, les cantons et quelques municipalités. Conférence Suisse des Délégué-e- s à l’Egalité entre Femmes et Hommes.

Girardin, N., Bühlmann, F., Hanappi, D., Le Goff, J.- M., & Valarino, I. (2016). Transition to Parent- hood in Switzerland: Between Institutional Con- straints and Gender Ideologies. In D. Grunow & M. Evertsson (eds.), Couples’ Transitions to Parenthood: Analysing Gender and Work in Eu- rope (pp. 146-170): Edward Elgar Publishing.

Haas, L., & Hwang, P. C. (2008). The impact of taking parental leave on fathers’ participation in child- care and relationships with children : Lessons from Sweden. Community, Work & Family, 11 (1), 85-104. doi:10.1080/13668800701785346

Haas, L., & Rostgaard, T. (2011). Fathers’ rights to paid parental leave in the Nordic countries: con- sequences for the gendered division of leave. Community, Work & Family, 14 (2), 177-195. do i:10.1080/13668803.2011.571398

Häusermann, S.(2006). Changingcoalitionsinsocial policy reforms: the politics of new social needs and demands Journal of European Social Policy, 16 (1), 5-21. doi:10.1177/0958928706059827

Häusermann, S., & Kübler, D. (2010). Policy Frames and Coalition Dynamics in the Recent Reforms of Swiss Family Policy. German Policy Studies, 6 (3), 163-194.

Hojgaard, L. (1997). Working Fathers - Caught in the Web of the Symbolic Order of Gen- der. Acta Sociologica, 40 (3), 245-261. doi:10.1177/000169939704000302

Huerta, M. d. C., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W.-J., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Fathers’ Leave, Fathers’ Involvement and Child Development: Are They Related? Evidence from Four OECD Countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working papers (N.º 140), 67.

Kamerman, S. B., & Moss, P. (2009). The politics of parental leave policies. Children, parent- ing, gender and the labour market. Bristol: The Policy Press.

Knijn, T., & Kremer, M. (1997). Gender and the Caring Dimension of Welfare States: Toward Inclusive Citizenship Social Politics, 4 (3), 328-361. Kübler, D. (2007). Understanding the Recent Expansion of Swiss Family Policy: An IdeaCentred Approach. Journal of Social Policy, 36 (2),237. doi:10.1017/S0047279406000572

Lalive, R., & Zweimüller, J. (2009). How does parental leave affect fertility and return to work? Evidence from two natural experiments. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (3), 1363-1402. doi:10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1363

Lanfranconi, L. M., & Valarino, I. (2014). Gender Equality and Parental Leave Policies in Switzerland. A Discursive and Feminist Perspective. Critical Social Policy, 34 (4), 538-560. doi:10.1177/0261018314536132

Le Goff, J.-M., Barbeiro, A., & Gossweiler, E. (2011). La garde d’enfants par leurs grands-parents, créatrice de liens intergénérationnels. Politiques sociales et familiales, 105 (1), 17-30.

Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the Development of Welfare Regimes. Journal of Eu- ropean Social Policy, 2 (3), 159-173. doi:10.1177/095892879200200301

Lupton, D., & Barclay, L. (1997). Constructing Fatherhood. Discourses and Experiences. London: Sage.

Martin, N. (2002). Les politique sociales su- isses en faveur des femmes: quelques ex- plications au tournant des années 90. Swiss Political Science Review, 8 (3/4), 61-83. doi:10.1002/j.1662-6370.2002.tb00340.x

Moss, P. (2008). Making parental leave parental: an overview of policies to increase fathers’ use of leave. In P. Moss (ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2008 (Vol. Employement Relations Research series n.º 100, pp. 79-84). London: BERR Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform.

Moss, P. (ed.) (2014). International Review on Leave Policies and Related Research 2014. Interna- tional Network on Leave Policies and Research: Available at: http://www.leavenetwork.org/file- admin/Leavenetwork/Annual_reviews/2014_ annual_review_korr.pdf.

Moss, P. (ed.) (2015). International Review on Leave Policies and Related Research 2015. International Network on Leave Policies and Research: Available at: http://www.leavenetwork.org/file- admin/Leavenetwork/Annual_reviews/2015_ full_review3_final_8july.pdf.

Nepomnyaschy, L., & Waldfogel, J. (2007). Paternity Leave and Fathers’ Involvement with their Young Children. Community, Work & Family, 10 (4), 427-453. doi:10.1080/13668800701575077

O’Brien, M. (2009). Fathers, Parental Leave Policies, and Infant Quality of Life: International Perspectives and Policy Impact. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 624, 190-213. doi:10.1177/0002716209334349

O’Brien, M., & Wall, K. (eds.). (2016). Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gen- der Equality: Fathers on Leave Alone (Vol. 6): Springer Open.

Obinger, H. (1998). Federalism, Direct Democracy, and Welfare State Development in Switzerland. Journal of Public Policy, 18 (3), 241-263.

OFAS. (2013). Congé de paternité et congé parental. Etat des lieux et présentation de divers modèles. 111.

Orloff, A. S. (2009). Gendering the Comparative Analysis of Welfare States: An Unfinished Agenda. Sociological Theory, 27 (3), 317-343. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01350.x

Pfau-Effinger, B. (2008). Cultural change and path departure: the example of family policies in conservative welfare states. In W. Van Oorschot,

M. Opielka, & B. Pfau-Effinger (eds.), Culture and Welfare State (pp. 185-204). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Ray, R., Gornick, J. C., & Schmitt, J. (2010). Who cares? Assessing generosity and gender equal- ity in parental leave policy designs in 21 countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 20 (3), 196-216. doi:10.1177/0958928710364434

Rehel, E. M. (2014). When Dad Stays Home Too: Paternity Leave, Gender, and Parenting. Gender & Society, 28 (1), 110-132.

Risman, B. J. (1998). Gender vertigo : American families in transition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Risman,B.J.(2004).GenderAsaSocialStructure:Theory Wrestling with Activism. Gender & Society, 18 (4), 429-450. doi:10.1177/0891243204265349

Rostgaard, T. (2002). Setting time aside for the father: father’s leave in Scandinavia. Com- munity, Work & Family, 5 (3), 343-364. doi:10.1080/1366880022000041810

Studer, B. (1997). Familienzulagen statt Mut- terschaftsversicherung? Die Zuschreibung der Geschlechterkompetenzen im sich formierenden Schweizer Sozialstaat, 1920-1945. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte, 47 (2), 151-170.

Thévenon, O., & Solaz, A. (2013). Labour Market Effects of Parental Leave Policies in OECD Countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working papers, N.º 141, OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/1815199x

Valarino, I. (2014). The Emergence of Parental and Paternity Leaves in Switzerland: A Challenge to Gendered Representations and Practices of Parenthood. (Ph.D. in social sciences), University of Lausanne, Lausanne. Retrieved from http://serval.unil.ch/?id=serval:BIB_ EC9A89C2A3A6

Valarino, I. (2016a). Fathers on Leave Alone in Switzerland: Agents of Social Change? In M. O’Brien & K. Wall (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality: Fathers on Leave Alone (pp. 205-230). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Valarino, I. (2016b). Les congés parentaux en Suisse: révélateurs de politiques et de représentations genrées. In J.-M. Le Goff & R. Levy (eds.), Devenir parents, devenir inégaux. Transition à la parentalité et inégalités de genre (pp. 235-261). Zürich: Seismo.

Valarino, I., Duvander, A.-Z., Haas, L., & Neyer, G. (2015). Leave Policy Preferences in a Comparative Perspective. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, (26), 49.

Valarino, I., & Gauthier, J.-A. (2015). Paternity leave implementation in Switzerland: a challenge to gendered representations and practices of fa- therhood? Community, Work & Family, 21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.102 3263