The Commitment of the United States to European Unity within the Framework of the Marshall Plan. American Support and British Obstruction on the Threshold of European Integration (1947-1951)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/rdce.56.05Keywords:
Marshall Plan, United States, European Integration.Abstract
Recently, support for European integration has declined in the United States and is openly disputed today. However, for a long time, it was a priority interest of US foreign policy. This paper addresses the US effort to promote the integration of European economies and the establishment of supranational institutions within the framework of the European Recovery Program, known as the Marshall Plan. We also include, because it is an extension of this policy, the position of the US government on the Schuman Plan. The State Department’s emphasis on European integration in this period is hard to overstate and is surprising because of its persistence and the ability to redefine itself over and over again after every initiative frustrated by European reluctance. This article seeks to study this effort in depth, to assess the extent to which it was decisive and what were the causes that prevented the realization of the North American plans as they were initially defined in the framework of the Marshall.References
Las primeras obras citadas son:
Andrew MORAVCSIK, “Conservative idealism and international institutions”, Chicago Journal of International Law 1 / 273, Fall 2000, pp. 291 - 311.
Jeremy RABKIN, “Is EU policy eroding the sovereignty of non-member states?”, Chi. J. Int'l L, ibid., pp. 273 – 290.
Jakub GRYGIEL, “The Return of Europe's Nation-States: The Upside to the EU's Crisis”, Foreign Affairs 95, 2016, pp. 94 - 101.
John GILLINGHAM, Coal, Steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945 – 1955, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
Michael HOGAN, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 438 y 439.
Geir LUNDESTAD, Empire by Integration, The United States and European Integration, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Ernst Van der BEUGEL, From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966, p. 56.
Allan MILWARD, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951, University of California Press, London, 1984, p.502.
Max BELOFF, The United States and the Unity of Europe, The Brookings Institutions, Washington, 1963, p.2.
Max BELOFF, “Churchill and Europe”, en Robert BLAKE, and William R. LOUIS, Churchill, Oxford University Press, NY, 1993, p. 446.
W.W. ROSTOW, The Divison of Europe after World War II: 1946, op.cit. pp. 4 y 58
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright
Submission of a manuscript to the RDCE implies having read and accepted the journal's editorial guidelines and instructions for authors. When a work is accepted for publication, it is understood that the author grants the RDCE exclusive rights of reproduction, distribution and, where appropriate, sale of his manuscript for exploitation in all countries of the world in printed version, as well as any other magnetic, optical and digital media.
Authors shall transfer the publishing rights of their manuscript to RDCE so that it may be disseminated and capitalised on Intranets, the Internet and any web portals and wireless devices that the publisher may decide, by placing it at the disposal of users so that the latter may consult it online and extract content from it, print it and/or download and save it. These activities must comply with the terms and conditions outlined on the website hosting the work. However, the RDCE authorises authors of papers published in the journal to include a copy of these papers, once published, on their personal websites and/or other open access digital repositories. Copies must include a specific mention of RDCE, citing the year and issue of the journal in which the article was published, and adding a link to the RDCE website(s).
A year after its publication, the works of the RDCE will be under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which allows third parties to share the work as long as its author and its first publication is indicated, without the right to commercial exploitation and the elaboration of derivative works.
Plagiarism and scientific fraud
The publication of work that infringes on intellectual property rights is the sole responsibility of the authors, including any conflicts that may occur regarding infringement of copyright. This includes, most importantly, conflicts related to the commission of plagiarism and/or scientific fraud.
Practices constituting scientific plagiarism are as follows:
1. Presenting the work of others as your own.
2. Adopting words or ideas from other authors without due recognition.
3. Not using quotation marks or another distinctive format to distinguish literal quotations.
4. Giving incorrect information about the true source of a citation.
5. The paraphrasing of a source without mentioning the source.
6. Excessive paraphrasing, even if the source is mentioned.
Practices constituting scientific fraud are as follows:
1. Fabrication, falsification or omission of data and plagiarism.
2. Duplicate publication.
3. Conflicts of authorship.
Warning
Any breach of these Rules shall constitute a ground for rejection of the manuscript submitted.
